Axitinib
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Identification
- Summary
Axitinib is an oral VEGFR and kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy.
- Brand Names
- Inlyta
- Generic Name
- Axitinib
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06626
- Background
Axitinib is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor that works by selectively inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3).7 Through this mechanism of action, axitinib blocks angiogenesis, tumour growth and metastases. It is reported to exhibit potency that is 50-450 times higher than that of the first generation VEGFR inhibitors.7 Axitinib is an indazole derivative.6 It is most commonly marketed under the name Inlyta® and is available in oral formulations.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 386.47
Monoisotopic: 386.120131908 - Chemical Formula
- C22H18N4OS
- Synonyms
- Axitinib
- Axitinibum
- N-methyl-2-[[3-[(E)-2-pyridin-2-ylethenyl]-1H-indazol-6-yl]sulfanyl]benzamide
- External IDs
- AG-013736
- AG-13736
- AG013736
Pharmacology
- Indication
Used in kidney cell cancer and investigated for use/treatment in pancreatic and thyroid cancer.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Advanced renal cell carcinoma (arcc) Regimen in combination with: Pembrolizumab (DB09037) •••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Advanced renal cell carcinoma (arcc) Regimen in combination with: Avelumab (DB11945) •••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••• •••••• Treatment of Advanced renal cell carcinoma (arcc) •••••••••••• ••••••• •• •• ••••• ••• ••••• •••••••• ••••••• •••••• Treatment of Advanced thyroid cancer ••• ••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Axitinib prevents the progression of cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis and blocking tumor growth.
- Mechanism of action
Axitinib selectively blocks the tyrosine kinase receptors VEGFR-1 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor), VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3.
Target Actions Organism ATyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 inhibitorHumans AVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 inhibitorHumans AVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitorHumans AVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
After one 5 mg dose of axitinib, it takes about 2.5 to 4.1 hours to reach maximum plasma concentration.
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution is 160 L.
- Protein binding
Plasma protein binding for axitinib is high at over 99% with most protein binding to albumin followed by α1-acid glycoprotein.
- Metabolism
Axitinib undergoes mainly hepatic metabolism. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are the main hepatic enzymes while CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and UGT1A1 enzymes are secondary.
- Route of elimination
Axitinib is mainly eliminated unchanged in the feces (41%) with 12% of the original dose as unchanged axitinib. There is also 23% eliminated in the urine, most of which are metabolites.
- Half-life
Axitinib has a half life of 2.5 to 6.1 hours.
- Clearance
The average clearance of axitinib is 38 L/h.
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Some of the more serious toxic effects seen in patients taking axitinib include, but are not limited to, hypertension, thrombotic events, hemorrhage, and GI perforation.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Axitinib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Axitinib can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The serum concentration of Axitinib can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Axitinib can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Axitinib can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib. - Food Interactions
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, which may increase the serum concentration of axitinib.
- Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce the serum concentration of axitinib.
- Take with a full glass of water.
- Take with or without food.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Inlyta Tablet, film coated 3 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Inlyta Tablet, film coated 5 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Inlyta Tablet, film coated 1 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Inlyta Tablet 7 mg Oral Pfizer Italia S.R.L. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Inlyta Tablet 1 mg Oral Pfizer Italia S.R.L. 2012-08-17 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01EK01 — Axitinib
- Drug Categories
- Acids, Carbocyclic
- Amides
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Benzamides and benzamide derivatives
- Benzene Derivatives
- Benzoates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Indazoles
- Kinase Inhibitor
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Substrates
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- Pyrazoles
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- UGT1A1 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diarylthioethers. These are organosulfur compounds containing a thioether group that is substituted by two aryl groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organosulfur compounds
- Class
- Thioethers
- Sub Class
- Aryl thioethers
- Direct Parent
- Diarylthioethers
- Alternative Parents
- O-sulfanylbenzoic acids and derivatives / Benzamides / Indazoles / Thiophenol ethers / Benzoyl derivatives / Vinylogous thioesters / Pyridines and derivatives / Pyrazoles / Heteroaromatic compounds / Secondary carboxylic acid amides show 7 more
- Substituents
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Benzamide / Benzenoid / Benzoic acid or derivatives / Benzopyrazole / Benzoyl / Carboxamide group / Carboxylic acid derivative show 19 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- aryl sulfide, benzamides, pyridines, indazoles (CHEBI:66910)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- C9LVQ0YUXG
- CAS number
- 319460-85-0
- InChI Key
- RITAVMQDGBJQJZ-FMIVXFBMSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C22H18N4OS/c1-23-22(27)18-7-2-3-8-21(18)28-16-10-11-17-19(25-26-20(17)14-16)12-9-15-6-4-5-13-24-15/h2-14H,1H3,(H,23,27)(H,25,26)/b12-9+
- IUPAC Name
- N-methyl-2-({3-[(E)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethenyl]-1H-indazol-6-yl}sulfanyl)benzamide
- SMILES
- CNC(=O)C1=C(SC2=CC=C3C(NN=C3\C=C\C3=CC=CC=N3)=C2)C=CC=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Hu-Lowe D, Hallin M, Feeley R, Zou H, Rewolinski D, Wickman G, Chen E, Kim Y, Riney S, Reed J, Heller D, Simmons B, Kania R, McTigue M, Niesman M, Gregory S, Shalinsky D, Bender S. Characterization of potency and activity of the VEGF/PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG013736. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2002;43:A5357.
- General References
- Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, Kies MS, Forastiere AA, Worden FP, Kane MA, Sherman E, Kim S, Bycott P, Tortorici M, Shalinsky DR, Liau KF, Cohen RB: Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 10;26(29):4708-13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9566. Epub 2008 Jun 9. [Article]
- Inai T, Mancuso M, Hashizume H, Baffert F, Haskell A, Baluk P, Hu-Lowe DD, Shalinsky DR, Thurston G, Yancopoulos GD, McDonald DM: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in cancer causes loss of endothelial fenestrations, regression of tumor vessels, and appearance of basement membrane ghosts. Am J Pathol. 2004 Jul;165(1):35-52. [Article]
- Rugo HS, Herbst RS, Liu G, Park JW, Kies MS, Steinfeldt HM, Pithavala YK, Reich SD, Freddo JL, Wilding G: Phase I trial of the oral antiangiogenesis agent AG-013736 in patients with advanced solid tumors: pharmacokinetic and clinical results. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 20;23(24):5474-83. Epub 2005 Jul 18. [Article]
- Rini BI: SU11248 and AG013736: current data and future trials in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2005 Dec;4(3):175-80. [Article]
- Gilbert JA, Adhikari LJ, Lloyd RV, Halfdanarson TR, Muders MH, Ames MM: Molecular markers for novel therapeutic strategies in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2013 Apr;42(3):411-21. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e31826cb243. [Article]
- Gross-Goupil M, Francois L, Quivy A, Ravaud A: Axitinib: a review of its safety and efficacy in the treatment of adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2013 Oct 29;7:269-77. doi: 10.4137/CMO.S10594. [Article]
- DRUG NAME: Axitinib - BC Cancer [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D03218
- PubChem Compound
- 6450551
- PubChem Substance
- 347827779
- ChemSpider
- 4953153
- BindingDB
- 25117
- 1242999
- ChEBI
- 66910
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1289926
- ZINC
- ZINC000003816287
- PharmGKB
- PA164924493
- PDBe Ligand
- AXI
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Axitinib
- PDB Entries
- 4ag8 / 4agc / 4twp / 4wa9
- FDA label
- Download (307 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (36.8 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Treatment Cervical Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Available Not Available Clear Cell Kidney Cancer / Kidney Cancer With PBRM1/BAP1/VHL/SETD2 Mutations / Renal Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma / Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) / Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Carcinoma / Renal Cell 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 1.000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 1 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 3 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 5 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 7 mg Tablet Oral 1.00 mg Tablet Oral 1 mg Tablet Oral 3 mg Tablet Oral 5 mg Tablet Oral 5.000 mg Tablet Oral 7 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 1 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 1 mg Tablet, coated Oral 5 mg Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 1.000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 5.000 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6534524 Yes 2003-03-18 2025-10-29 US US7141581 No 2006-11-28 2020-06-30 US US8791140 Yes 2014-07-29 2031-06-14 US US10570202 Yes 2020-02-25 2035-08-03 US US10869924 Yes 2020-12-22 2037-07-12 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility In aqueous media with a pH between 1.1 to 7.8, axitinib has a solubility of over 0.2 μg/mL. From FDA label. pKa 4.8 From FDA label. - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.000551 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.17 ALOGPS logP 4.15 Chemaxon logS -5.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.07 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 4.59 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 70.67 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 115.14 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 42.58 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 221.6922979 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 188.54451 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 222.4074979 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 190.94005 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 221.5336979 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 196.9267 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-binding proteins). Phosphorylation of WASF3 is critical for the stimulation of lamellipodia formation and cell migration. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of key regulators of these processes such as BCAR1, CRK, CRKL, DOK1, EFS or NEDD9 (PubMed:22810897). Phosphorylates multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and more particularly promotes endocytosis of EGFR, facilitates the formation of neuromuscular synapses through MUSK, inhibits PDGFRB-mediated chemotaxis and modulates the endocytosis of activated B-cell receptor complexes. Other substrates which are involved in endocytosis regulation are the caveolin (CAV1) and RIN1. Moreover, ABL1 regulates the CBL family of ubiquitin ligases that drive receptor down-regulation and actin remodeling. Phosphorylation of CBL leads to increased EGFR stability. Involved in late-stage autophagy by regulating positively the trafficking and function of lysosomal components. ABL1 targets to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress and thereby mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In response to oxidative stress, phosphorylates serine/threonine kinase PRKD2 at 'Tyr-717' (PubMed:28428613). ABL1 is also translocated in the nucleus where it has DNA-binding activity and is involved in DNA-damage response and apoptosis. Many substrates are known mediators of DNA repair: DDB1, DDB2, ERCC3, ERCC6, RAD9A, RAD51, RAD52 or WRN. Activates the proapoptotic pathway when the DNA damage is too severe to be repaired. Phosphorylates TP73, a primary regulator for this type of damage-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylates the caspase CASP9 on 'Tyr-153' and regulates its processing in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Phosphorylates PSMA7 that leads to an inhibition of proteasomal activity and cell cycle transition blocks. ABL1 acts also as a regulator of multiple pathological signaling cascades during infection. Several known tyrosine-phosphorylated microbial proteins have been identified as ABL1 substrates. This is the case of A36R of Vaccinia virus, Tir (translocated intimin receptor) of pathogenic E.coli and possibly Citrobacter, CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) of H.pylori, or AnkA (ankyrin repeat-containing protein A) of A.phagocytophilum. Pathogens can highjack ABL1 kinase signaling to reorganize the host actin cytoskeleton for multiple purposes, like facilitating intracellular movement and host cell exit. Finally, functions as its own regulator through autocatalytic activity as well as through phosphorylation of its inhibitor, ABI1. Regulates T-cell differentiation in a TBX21-dependent manner (By similarity). Positively regulates chemokine-mediated T-cell migration, polarization, and homing to lymph nodes and immune-challenged tissues, potentially via activation of NEDD9/HEF1 and RAP1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates TBX21 on tyrosine residues leading to an enhancement of its transcriptional activator activity (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- ABL1
- Uniprot ID
- P00519
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1
- Molecular Weight
- 122871.435 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFB and PGF, and plays an essential role in the development of embryonic vasculature, the regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration, macrophage function, chemotaxis, and cancer cell invasion. Acts as a positive regulator of postnatal retinal hyaloid vessel regression (By similarity). May play an essential role as a negative regulator of embryonic angiogenesis by inhibiting excessive proliferation of endothelial cells. Can promote endothelial cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis in adulthood. Its function in promoting cell proliferation seems to be cell-type specific. Promotes PGF-mediated proliferation of endothelial cells, proliferation of some types of cancer cells, but does not promote proliferation of normal fibroblasts (in vitro). Has very high affinity for VEGFA and relatively low protein kinase activity; may function as a negative regulator of VEGFA signaling by limiting the amount of free VEGFA and preventing its binding to KDR. Modulates KDR signaling by forming heterodimers with KDR. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the activation of protein kinase C. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, leading to activation of phosphatidylinositol kinase and the downstream signaling pathway. Mediates activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Phosphorylates SRC and YES1, and may also phosphorylate CBL. Promotes phosphorylation of AKT1 at 'Ser-473'. Promotes phosphorylation of PTK2/FAK1 (PubMed:16685275)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- FLT1
- Uniprot ID
- P17948
- Uniprot Name
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1
- Molecular Weight
- 150767.185 Da
References
- Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, Kies MS, Forastiere AA, Worden FP, Kane MA, Sherman E, Kim S, Bycott P, Tortorici M, Shalinsky DR, Liau KF, Cohen RB: Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 10;26(29):4708-13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9566. Epub 2008 Jun 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFC and VEGFD. Plays an essential role in the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular development, vascular permeability, and embryonic hematopoiesis. Promotes proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Isoforms lacking a transmembrane domain, such as isoform 2 and isoform 3, may function as decoy receptors for VEGFA, VEGFC and/or VEGFD. Isoform 2 plays an important role as negative regulator of VEGFA- and VEGFC-mediated lymphangiogenesis by limiting the amount of free VEGFA and/or VEGFC and preventing their binding to FLT4. Modulates FLT1 and FLT4 signaling by forming heterodimers. Binding of vascular growth factors to isoform 1 leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the activation of protein kinase C. Mediates activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of PTK2/FAK1. Required for VEGFA-mediated induction of NOS2 and NOS3, leading to the production of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. Phosphorylates PLCG1. Promotes phosphorylation of FYN, NCK1, NOS3, PIK3R1, PTK2/FAK1 and SRC
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- KDR
- Uniprot ID
- P35968
- Uniprot Name
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- Molecular Weight
- 151525.555 Da
References
- Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, Kies MS, Forastiere AA, Worden FP, Kane MA, Sherman E, Kim S, Bycott P, Tortorici M, Shalinsky DR, Liau KF, Cohen RB: Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 10;26(29):4708-13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9566. Epub 2008 Jun 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFC and VEGFD, and plays an essential role in adult lymphangiogenesis and in the development of the vascular network and the cardiovascular system during embryonic development. Promotes proliferation, survival and migration of endothelial cells, and regulates angiogenic sprouting. Signaling by activated FLT4 leads to enhanced production of VEGFC, and to a lesser degree VEGFA, thereby creating a positive feedback loop that enhances FLT4 signaling. Modulates KDR signaling by forming heterodimers. The secreted isoform 3 may function as a decoy receptor for VEGFC and/or VEGFD and play an important role as a negative regulator of VEGFC-mediated lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. Binding of vascular growth factors to isoform 1 or isoform 2 leads to the activation of several signaling cascades; isoform 2 seems to be less efficient in signal transduction, because it has a truncated C-terminus and therefore lacks several phosphorylation sites. Mediates activation of the MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 signaling pathway, of MAPK8 and the JUN signaling pathway, and of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Phosphorylates SHC1. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Promotes phosphorylation of MAPK8 at 'Thr-183' and 'Tyr-185', and of AKT1 at 'Ser-473'
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- FLT4
- Uniprot ID
- P35916
- Uniprot Name
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3
- Molecular Weight
- 152755.94 Da
References
- Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, Kies MS, Forastiere AA, Worden FP, Kane MA, Sherman E, Kim S, Bycott P, Tortorici M, Shalinsky DR, Liau KF, Cohen RB: Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 10;26(29):4708-13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9566. Epub 2008 Jun 9. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ, Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):713-25. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0068-3. [Article]
- INLYTA® (axitinib) FDA Label [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ, Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):713-25. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0068-3. [Article]
- INLYTA® (axitinib) FDA Label [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ, Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):713-25. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0068-3. [Article]
- Axitinib FDA label [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ, Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):713-25. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0068-3. [Article]
- INLYTA® (axitinib) FDA Label [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol, estrone and estriol (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Involved in the glucuronidation of bilirubin, a degradation product occurring in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates (PubMed:17187418, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:24525562). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:20610558)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ, Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):713-25. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0068-3. [Article]
- INLYTA® (axitinib) FDA Label [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ, Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013 Sep;52(9):713-25. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0068-3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Brennan M, Williams JA, Chen Y, Tortorici M, Pithavala Y, Liu YC: Meta-analysis of contribution of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to axitinib pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 May;68(5):645-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1171-8. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [Article]
- Hu S, Mathijssen RH, de Bruijn P, Baker SD, Sparreboom A: Inhibition of OATP1B1 by tyrosine kinase inhibitors: in vitro-in vivo correlations. Br J Cancer. 2014 Feb 18;110(4):894-8. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.811. Epub 2014 Jan 7. [Article]
Drug created at March 19, 2008 16:41 / Updated at October 29, 2024 14:47