Isoprenaline

Identification

Summary

Isoprenaline is a catecholamine non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist typically used to treat bradycardia and heart block.

Brand Names
Isuprel
Generic Name
Isoprenaline
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01064
Background

Isoprenaline is a non-selective beta adrenergic receptor agonist indicated to treat heart block, Adams-Stokes attacks, bronchospasm in anesthesia, cadiac arrest, hypovolemic shocks, septic shock, hypoperfusion, congestive hear failure, and cardiogenic shock.2,14

Isoprenaline research in the 1940s found that this isopropyl analog of epinephrine dilated the bronchi, as well as raising the heart rate and cardiac output, without vasoconstriction.11,12 The US patent from 1943 states that this compound had a wider therapeutic index and a stronger action than adrenaline.16

Isoprenaline was granted FDA approval on 19 February 1948.13

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 211.2576
Monoisotopic: 211.120843415
Chemical Formula
C11H17NO3
Synonyms
  • (±)-isoprenaline
  • (±)-isoproterenol
  • 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(isopropylamino)ethanol
  • 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol
  • 3,4-dihydroxy-α-[(isopropylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol
  • Isoprenalina
  • Isoprenaline
  • Isoprénaline
  • Isoprenalinum
  • Isopropyl noradrenaline
  • Isoproterenol
  • N-isopropyl-β-dihydroxyphenyl-β-hydroxyethylamine
  • N-Isopropylnoradrenaline
  • N-Isopropylnorepinephrine
  • α-(isopropylaminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol

Pharmacology

Indication

Isoprenaline is indicated to treat mild or transient episodes of heart block not requiring electric shock or pacemakers, serious episodes of heart block and Adams-Stokes attacks not caused by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, and bronchospasm during anesthesia.14 Isoprenaline is also indicated for cases of cardiac arrest until preferable treatments like electric shock and pacemakers are available.14 Isoprenaline is also indicated as an adjunct therapy to fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy in hypovolemic shock, septic shock, hypoperfusion, congestive heart failure, and cardiogenic shock.14

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofAdams-stokes attacks•••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••
Treatment ofAdams-stokes attacks•••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••
Treatment ofBradycardia••• •••••
Treatment ofBradycardia••• •••••
Treatment ofBronchospasm•••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Isoprenaline is a non-selective beta adrenergic receptor agonist used in a number of indications for the heart, as well as bronchospasm in anesthesia.2,14 Isoprenaline has a short duration of action as it is rapidly cleared,8,7 and a wide therapeutic index.14 Patients should be counselled regarding the risks of isoprenaline in the treatment of cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction, paradoxical worsening of heart block, or precipitation of Adams-Stokes attacks.14

Mechanism of action

Isoprenaline is a non-selective beta adrenergic receptor agonist.2 Agonism of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors causes the alpha subunit of G-protein coupled receptors to exchange GMP for GTP, activating them, and allowing the alpha subunit to dissociate from the beta and gamma subunits.1,4 Dissociation of the alpha subunit activates adenylate cyclase, converting ATP to cyclic AMP.1 Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates cardiac L-type calcium channels such as Cav1.2.1,3,4 These channels depolarize cells by inward active transport of calcium ions.3,4

Agonism of beta-1 adrenergic receptors lead to increased strength of contractility, conduction of nerve impulses, speed of relaxation, and rate in the heart.1

Agonism of beta-2 adrenergic receptors leads to glycogenolysis in the liver,5 glucagon release from the pancreas, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.1

In the alveoli, agonism of beta-2 adrenergic receptors, activates similar pathways to the heart, however the end result is regulation of sodium channels, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and sodium potassium ATPase.10 PKA phosphorylates scaffolding proteins and sodium channels, increasing the number of sodium channels on the apical side of alveolar cells and increasing active transport of sodium ions into cells.10 Agonism of beta-2 adrenergic receptors can also increase chloride ion transport across CFTR.10 Together, these actions lead to passive transport of water out of the alveoli, and the clearance of alveolar fluid.10

TargetActionsOrganism
ABeta-1 adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
AInterleukin-12 subunit beta
modulator
Humans
ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor
agonist
binder
Humans
ABeta-3 adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
USuperoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
stabilization
Humans
Absorption

Data regarding absorption kinetics of isoprenaline are not readily available.8,7

Volume of distribution

In pediatric patients, the volume of distribution was 216 ± 57 mL/kg.7

Protein binding

Isoprenaline is 68.8 ± 1.2% protein bound in plasma, mainly to serum albumin.9

Metabolism

Isoprenaline is predominantly metabolized to glucuronide conjugates.6 Isoprenaline can also be O-methylated by catechol O-methyltransferase to the metabolite 3-O-methylisoprenaline, which can also be further glucuronidated.6

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Isoprenaline is 12.2-27.0% recovered in the feces and 59.1-106.8% recovered in the urine after 48 hours.6 The majority of the recovered dose in the urine is conjugated isoprenaline, with 6.5-16.2% free isoprenaline, and 2.6-11.4% 3-O-methylisoprenaline and conjugates.6

Half-life

The half life of intravenous isoprenaline is 2.5-5 minutes.1 Oral isoprenaline has a half life of 40 minutes.6

Clearance

In pediatric patients, the clearance of isoprenaline was 42.5 ± 5.0 mL/kg/min.7

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with tachycardia, arrhythmias, palpitations, angina, hypotension, or hypertension.14 Overdose should be treated by reducing or stopping administration of isoprenaline and monitoring blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and ECG.14

In rats, the LD50 is 2221 mg/kg orally, 128 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and 600 mg/kg subcutaneously.15 In mice, the LD50 is 1260 orally and 450 mg/kg intraperitoneally.15

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Isoprenaline Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Isoprenaline can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Isoprenaline is combined with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Isoprenaline is combined with Acemetacin.
AcetylcholineThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoprenaline is combined with Acetylcholine.
Acetylsalicylic acidThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Isoprenaline.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Isoprenaline hydrochlorideDIA2A7485551-30-9IROWCYIEJAOFOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isoproterenol sulfate925FX3X7766078-56-4CUQPTVCVZLUXJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Proternol L (Kowa Souyaku) / Saventrine (Pharmax)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Isoproterenol HCl Inj 1:5000Liquid.2 mg / mLIntravenousInternational Medication Systems, Limited1977-12-311997-08-15Canada flag
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride Injection USPSolution0.2 mg / mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousOmega Laboratories LtdNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride Injection USPSolution1 mg / 5 mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousMarcan Pharmaceuticals Inc2021-01-06Not applicableCanada flag
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride Injection USPSolution0.2 mg / mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousMarcan Pharmaceuticals Inc2020-12-11Not applicableCanada flag
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride Injection USPSolution0.2 mg / mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousSandoz Canada Incorporated1991-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
IsoproterenolInjection, solution1 mg/5mLIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousCipla USA Inc.2018-06-26Not applicableUS flag
IsoproterenolInjection, solution0.2 mg/1mLIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousCipla USA Inc.2018-06-26Not applicableUS flag
Isoproterenol HydrochlorideInjection, solution0.2 mg/1mLIntramuscular; IntravenousNexus Pharmaceuticals Inc2017-08-03Not applicableUS flag
Isoproterenol HydrochlorideInjection, solution1 mg/5mLIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousSTI Pharma LLC2022-12-15Not applicableUS flag
Isoproterenol HydrochlorideInjection, solution0.2 mg/1mLIntravenousHeritage Pharmaceuticals Inc. d/b/a Avet Pharmaceuticals Inc.2021-11-19Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Duo-MedihalerIsoprenaline hydrochloride (0.16 ug/1) + Phenylephrine bitartrate (0.24 ug/1)Aerosol, meteredRespiratory (inhalation)3M Company1962-08-252006-12-29US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C01CA02 — IsoprenalineR03AK02 — Isoprenaline and other drugs for obstructive airway diseasesR03AB02 — IsoprenalineR03CB01 — IsoprenalineR03CB51 — Isoprenaline, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechols. These are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Phenols
Sub Class
Benzenediols
Direct Parent
Catechols
Alternative Parents
Aralkylamines / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / Alcohol / Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Catechol / Hydrocarbon derivative
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
secondary alcohol, catechols, secondary amino compound (CHEBI:64317)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
L628TT009W
CAS number
7683-59-2
InChI Key
JWZZKOKVBUJMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C11H17NO3/c1-7(2)12-6-11(15)8-3-4-9(13)10(14)5-8/h3-5,7,11-15H,6H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
4-{1-hydroxy-2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzene-1,2-diol
SMILES
CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

U.S. Patent 2,308,232. U.S. Patent 2,715,141.

General References
  1. Szymanski MW, Singh DP: Isoproterenol . [Article]
  2. Baker JG: The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor agonists at human beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Jul;160(5):1048-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00754.x. [Article]
  3. Striessnig J, Pinggera A, Kaur G, Bock G, Tuluc P: L-type Ca(2+) channels in heart and brain. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Membr Transp Signal. 2014 Mar 1;3(2):15-38. doi: 10.1002/wmts.102. [Article]
  4. Harvey RD, Hell JW: CaV1.2 signaling complexes in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013 May;58:143-52. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.12.006. Epub 2012 Dec 22. [Article]
  5. Authors unspecified: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists . [Article]
  6. Conolly ME, Davies DS, Dollery CT, Morgan CD, Paterson JW, Sandler M: Metabolism of isoprenaline in dog and man. Br J Pharmacol. 1972 Nov;46(3):458-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb08143.x. [Article]
  7. Reyes G, Schwartz PH, Newth CJ, Eldadah MK: The pharmacokinetics of isoproterenol in critically ill pediatric patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993 Jan;33(1):29-34. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03899.x. [Article]
  8. Goldstein DS, Horwitz D, Keiser HR, Polinsky RJ, Kopin IJ: Plasma l-[3H]norepinephrine, d-[14C]norepinephrine, and d,l-[3H]isoproterenol kinetics in essential hypertension. J Clin Invest. 1983 Nov;72(5):1748-58. doi: 10.1172/JCI111134. [Article]
  9. Kelly JG, McDevitt DG: Plasma protein binding of propranolol and isoprenaline in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978 Aug;6(2):123-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb00836.x. [Article]
  10. Mutlu GM, Factor P: Alveolar epithelial beta2-adrenergic receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008 Feb;38(2):127-34. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0198TR. Epub 2007 Aug 20. [Article]
  11. SEGAL MS, BEAKEY JF: The use of isuprel for the management of bronchial asthma. Bull New Engl Med Cent. 1947 Apr;9(2):62-7. [Article]
  12. BARCROFT H, KONZETT H: On the actions of noradrenaline, adrenaline and isopropyl noradrenaline on the arterial blood pressure, heart rate and muscle blood flow in man. J Physiol. 1949 Dec 15;110(1-2):194-204. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004431. [Article]
  13. FDA Approved Drugs Products: Isuprel (Isoprenaline) Sublingual and Rectal Tablets (Discontinued) [Link]
  14. FDA Approved Drug Products: Isuprel (Isoprenaline) Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, and Intracardiac Injection [Link]
  15. Cayman Chemical: Isoproterenol MSDS [Link]
  16. US Patent: US2308232A [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015197
KEGG Compound
C07056
PubChem Compound
3779
PubChem Substance
46507323
ChemSpider
3647
BindingDB
25392
RxNav
6054
ChEBI
64317
ChEMBL
CHEMBL434
Therapeutic Targets Database
DNC000819
PharmGKB
PA450121
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Isoprenaline
FDA label
Download (314 KB)
MSDS
Download (73.3 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
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PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableActive Not RecruitingTreatmentAnorexia Nervosa (AN)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableCoronary Heart Disease (CHD)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedBasic ScienceAnorexia Nervosa (AN) / Brain Injury / Generalized Anxiety Disorder / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) / Panic Disorder1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedBasic ScienceHeart Failure1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedPreventionHypotension1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Amend
  • Baxter International Inc.
  • ESI Lederle
  • Hospira Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletSublingual10 mg
Aerosol, meteredRespiratory (inhalation)
Injection, solution0.2 mg/ml
Injection, solution1 mg/5ml
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous1 MG/5ML
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous0.2 mg/ml
Injection, solution
Injection, solutionIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous1 mg/5mL
LiquidIntravenous.2 mg / mL
InjectionIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous0.2 mg/1mL
InjectionIntravenous0.2 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous0.2 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous0.2 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous1 mg/5mL
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous0.2 mg / mL
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous1 mg / 5 mL
SolutionIntramuscular0.2 mg
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous0.2 mg
SolutionIntravenous0.2 mg
Injection, solutionIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous0.2 mg/1mL
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous.2 mg / mL
LiquidIntracardiac; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous.2 mg / mL
LiquidRespiratory (inhalation).5 %
Aerosol, meteredRespiratory (inhalation)125 mcg / act
Aerosol, meteredRespiratory (inhalation)0.25 %
AerosolRespiratory (inhalation)0.08 ug/1
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Isuprel 0.2 mg/ml ampul17.63USD ml
Isoproterenol sulfate cryst2.86USD g
Isoproterenol 0.2 mg/ml amp0.73USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)180U.S. Patent 2,308,232. U.S. Patent 2,715,141.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility5.86 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.27ALOGPS
logP0.24Chemaxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.81Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.96Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area72.72 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity58.4 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability23.04 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9936
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9705
Caco-2 permeable-0.6775
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5776
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9039
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9709
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8983
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7778
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.6679
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6939
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.6221
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9558
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9484
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9556
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9318
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9182
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8925
Rat acute toxicity2.7434 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9576
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8045
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-05gr-9700000000-1d8ddbb3b9ecf4bd4e41
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-3980000000-ddd551bafe6bebaa3dbb
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0290000000-f94eb0501645a011f79c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-11b9-6900000000-74f5592db4a635882195
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-122aeeaedd7e675c763a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052r-7900000000-3507614f4b56cf05e7ba
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0pdu-3900000000-aee0d4ac65b687d09a14
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-158.6044484
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-148.85939
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+159.4241484
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+151.21739
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+158.8220484
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+157.55841
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling. Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:31473062)
Specific Function
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding
Gene Name
ADRB1
Uniprot ID
P08588
Uniprot Name
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
51222.97 Da
References
  1. Sato M, Gong H, Terracciano CM, Ranu H, Harding SE: Loss of beta-adrenoceptor response in myocytes overexpressing the Na+/Ca(2+)-exchanger. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 Jan;36(1):43-8. [Article]
  2. Jurgens CW, Rau KE, Knudson CA, King JD, Carr PA, Porter JE, Doze VA: Beta1 adrenergic receptor-mediated enhancement of hippocampal CA3 network activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Aug;314(2):552-60. Epub 2005 May 20. [Article]
  3. Kobayashi H, Narita Y, Nishida M, Kurose H: Beta-arrestin2 enhances beta2-adrenergic receptor-mediated nuclear translocation of ERK. Cell Signal. 2005 Oct;17(10):1248-53. Epub 2005 Feb 12. [Article]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  5. Ahlquist RP: Present state of alpha- and beta-adrenergic drugs I. The adrenergic receptor. Am Heart J. 1976 Nov;92(5):661-4. [Article]
  6. Szymanski MW, Singh DP: Isoproterenol . [Article]
  7. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Modulator
General Function
Cytokine that can act as a growth factor for activated T and NK cells, enhance the lytic activity of NK/lymphokine-activated killer cells, and stimulate the production of IFN-gamma by resting PBMC
Specific Function
cytokine activity
Gene Name
IL12B
Uniprot ID
P29460
Uniprot Name
Interleukin-12 subunit beta
Molecular Weight
37168.645 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
Binder
General Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
Specific Function
adenylate cyclase binding
Gene Name
ADRB2
Uniprot ID
P07550
Uniprot Name
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
46458.32 Da
References
  1. Abraham G, Kottke C, Dhein S, Ungemach FR: Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of the beta-adrenergic signal transduction pathway in different segments of the respiratory tract. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Sep 15;66(6):1067-81. [Article]
  2. Jones SM, Hiller FC, Jacobi SE, Foreman SK, Pittman LM, Cornett LE: Enhanced beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) signaling by adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated gene transfer. BMC Pharmacol. 2003 Dec 4;3:15. [Article]
  3. Teixeira CE, Baracat JS, Zanesco A, Antunes E, De Nucci G: Atypical beta-adrenoceptor subtypes mediate relaxations of rabbit corpus cavernosum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 May;309(2):587-93. Epub 2004 Jan 29. [Article]
  4. Odley A, Hahn HS, Lynch RA, Marreez Y, Osinska H, Robbins J, Dorn GW 2nd: Regulation of cardiac contractility by Rab4-modulated beta2-adrenergic receptor recycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 4;101(18):7082-7. Epub 2004 Apr 22. [Article]
  5. Uezono Y, Kaibara M, Murasaki O, Taniyama K: Involvement of G protein betagamma-subunits in diverse signaling induced by G(i/o)-coupled receptors: study using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Oct;287(4):C885-94. Epub 2004 May 19. [Article]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  7. Ahlquist RP: Present state of alpha- and beta-adrenergic drugs I. The adrenergic receptor. Am Heart J. 1976 Nov;92(5):661-4. [Article]
  8. Szymanski MW, Singh DP: Isoproterenol . [Article]
  9. Hardin AO, Lima JJ: Beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist-induced down-regulation after short-term exposure. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 1999 Sep;19(5):835-52. doi: 10.3109/10799899909042876. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis
Specific Function
beta-3 adrenergic receptor binding
Gene Name
ADRB3
Uniprot ID
P13945
Uniprot Name
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
43518.615 Da
References
  1. Ahlquist RP: Present state of alpha- and beta-adrenergic drugs I. The adrenergic receptor. Am Heart J. 1976 Nov;92(5):661-4. [Article]
  2. Schiffelers SL, Blaak EE, Saris WH, van Baak MA: In vivo beta3-adrenergic stimulation of human thermogenesis and lipid use. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 May;67(5):558-66. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Stabilization
General Function
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems
Specific Function
copper ion binding
Gene Name
SOD1
Uniprot ID
P00441
Uniprot Name
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
Molecular Weight
15935.685 Da
References
  1. Wright GS, Antonyuk SV, Kershaw NM, Strange RW, Samar Hasnain S: Ligand binding and aggregation of pathogenic SOD1. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1758. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2750. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
Inducer
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C15-alpha and C16-alpha positions (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15805301). Displays different regioselectivities for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hydroxylation (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Displays an absolute stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producing the 17(R),18(S) enantiomer (PubMed:15041462). May play an important role in all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195)
Specific Function
arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID
P04798
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A1
Molecular Weight
58164.815 Da
References
  1. Konstandi M, Kostakis D, Harkitis P, Marselos M, Johnson EO, Adamidis K, Lang MA: Role of adrenoceptor-linked signaling pathways in the regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 15;69(2):277-87. [Article]
  2. Althurwi HN, Tse MM, Abdelhamid G, Zordoky BN, Hammock BD, El-Kadi AO: Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, TUPS, protects against isoprenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;168(8):1794-807. doi: 10.1111/bph.12066. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Exhibits catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2- and 4-hydroxy E1 and E2. Displays a predominant hydroxylase activity toward E2 at the C-4 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes testosterone and progesterone to B or D ring hydroxylated metabolites (PubMed:10426814). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:15258110). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA. Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EpETrE) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- EpETrE, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Additionally, displays dehydratase activity toward oxygenated eicosanoids hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates (HpETEs). This activity is independent of cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH, and O2 (PubMed:21068195). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, particularly converting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aryl amines procarcinogens to DNA-damaging products (PubMed:10426814). Plays an important role in retinal vascular development. Under hyperoxic O2 conditions, promotes retinal angiogenesis and capillary morphogenesis, likely by metabolizing the oxygenated products generated during the oxidative stress. Also, contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of trabecular meshwork tissue through modulation of POSTN expression (By similarity)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1B1
Uniprot ID
Q16678
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1B1
Molecular Weight
60845.33 Da
References
  1. Althurwi HN, Tse MM, Abdelhamid G, Zordoky BN, Hammock BD, El-Kadi AO: Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, TUPS, protects against isoprenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;168(8):1794-807. doi: 10.1111/bph.12066. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones. Also shortens the biological half-lives of certain neuroactive drugs, like L-DOPA, alpha-methyl DOPA and isoproterenol
Specific Function
catechol O-methyltransferase activity
Gene Name
COMT
Uniprot ID
P21964
Uniprot Name
Catechol O-methyltransferase
Molecular Weight
30036.77 Da
References
  1. Conolly ME, Davies DS, Dollery CT, Morgan CD, Paterson JW, Sandler M: Metabolism of isoprenaline in dog and man. Br J Pharmacol. 1972 Nov;46(3):458-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb08143.x. [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Drug Products: Isuprel (Isoprenaline) Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, and Intracardiac Injection [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters
Specific Function
acetylcholinesterase activity
Gene Name
BCHE
Uniprot ID
P06276
Uniprot Name
Cholinesterase
Molecular Weight
68417.575 Da
References
  1. Bosak A, Gazic Smilovic I, Sinko G, Vinkovic V, Kovarik Z: Metaproterenol, isoproterenol, and their bisdimethylcarbamate derivatives as human cholinesterase inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2012 Aug 9;55(15):6716-23. doi: 10.1021/jm300289k. Epub 2012 Jul 27. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
Specific Function
antioxidant activity
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Kelly JG, McDevitt DG: Plasma protein binding of propranolol and isoprenaline in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978 Aug;6(2):123-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb00836.x. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 07, 2024 17:53