Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Cinnarizine is a drug used for the management of labyrinthine disorder symptoms, including vertigo, tinnitus, nystagmus, nausea, and vomiting.
- Generic Name
- Cinnarizine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00568
- Background
First synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceuticals in 1955, cinnarizine is an anti-histaminic drug mainly used for the control of vestibular disorders and motion sickness. Cinnarizine is a specific calcium channel blocker that primarily works on the central vestibular system to interfere with the signal transmission between vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and the vomiting centre of the hypothalamus. Cinnarizine could be also viewed as a nootropic drug because of its vasorelaxating abilities (due to calcium channel blockage), which happen mostly in brain. Combination use of cinnarizine with other nootropics, such as piracetam resulted in enhanced effect of boosting brain oxygen supply.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Cinnarizine (DB00568)
- Weight
- Average: 368.524
Monoisotopic: 368.22524891 - Chemical Formula
- C26H28N2
- Synonyms
- 1-(Diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine
- 1-Benzhydryl-4-cinnamylpiperazin
- 1-Cinnamyl-4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazine
- Cinarizina
- Cinnarizine
- Cinnarizinum
- External IDs
- 5-23-01-00233
- 516 MD
- 516-MD
- BRN 0626121
- R 1575
- R 516
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of vertigo/meniere's disease, nausea and vomiting, motion sickness and also useful for vestibular symptoms of other origins.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Balance disorders •••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••• • •••••• •••••• Treatment of Dizziness •••••••••••• ••••••• Treatment of Motion sickness •••••••••••• ••••••• Used in combination to treat Motion sickness Combination Product in combination with: Domperidone (DB01184) •••••••••••• •••••• Treatment of Nausea •••••••••••• ••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Cinnarizine is an antihistamine and a calcium channel blocker. Histamines mediate a number of activities such as contraction of smooth muscle of the airways and gastrointestinal tract, vasodilatation, cardiac stimulation, secretion of gastric acid, promotion of interleukin release and chemotaxis of eosinophils and mast cells. Competitive antagonists at histamine H1 receptors may be divided into first (sedating) and second (non-sedating) generation agents. Some, such as Cinnarizine also block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and are used as anti-emetic agents. Cinnarizine through its calcium channel blocking ability also inhibits stimulation of the vestibular system.
- Mechanism of action
Cinnarizine inhibits contractions of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking L-type and T-type voltage gated calcium channels. Cinnarizine has also been implicated in binding to dopamine D2 receptors, histamine H1 receptors, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Target Actions Organism AHistamine H1 receptor antagonistHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I inhibitorHumans ND(2) dopamine receptor other/unknownHumans UD(1) dopamine receptor binderHumans UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor binderHumans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
Pathway Category Cinnarizine H1-Antihistamine Action Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Cinnarizine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Cinnarizine can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The serum concentration of Cinnarizine can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. Abrocitinib The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Cinnarizine. Acarbose The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Cinnarizine is combined with Acarbose. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Cinnarizine hydrochloride 5AKM4OA6VO 25332-14-3 LYXJDKBTSDYXQV-RSGUCCNWSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Cinazyn (Italchimici) / Cinnageron (Streuli Pharma) / Folcodal (Ivax) / Sepan (Janssen-Cilag) / Stugeron (Janssen) / Stugeron Forte (Janssen) / Toliman (Scharper)
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AXCEL CINNARIZINE TABLETS 25 mg Tablet 25 mg Oral KOTRA PHARMA MARKETING 1999-05-17 Not applicable Singapore 
CELENID TABLET 25 mg Tablet 25 mg Oral MEDISPEC RENAISSANCE PTE. LTD. 1991-08-21 Not applicable Singapore CINNA TABLET 25 mg Tablet 25 mg Oral YUNG SHIN PHARMACEUTICAL (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD 1995-12-16 Not applicable Singapore CINNAR TABLET 25 mg Tablet 25 mg Oral ATLANTIC PHARMACEUTICAL (S) PTE LTD 1997-06-19 Not applicable Singapore CINNARON 25 TABLET 25 mg Tablet 25 mg Oral GOLDPLUS UNIVERSAL PTE LTD 1989-05-22 Not applicable Singapore - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Arlevert 20 mg/40 mg Tabletten Cinnarizine (20 mg) + Dimenhydrinate (40 mg) Tablet Oral Hennig Arzneimittel Gmb H & Co Kg 2007-09-06 Not applicable Austria 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N07CA52 — Cinnarizine, combinations
- N07CA — Antivertigo preparations
- N07C — ANTIVERTIGO PREPARATIONS
- N07 — OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
- N — NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Antiarrhythmic agents
- Antivertigo Preparations
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Histamine Agents
- Histamine Antagonists
- Histamine H1 Antagonists
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Nervous System
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Piperazines
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Vasodilating Agents
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 3DI2E1X18L
- CAS number
- 298-57-7
- InChI Key
- DERZBLKQOCDDDZ-JLHYYAGUSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C26H28N2/c1-4-11-23(12-5-1)13-10-18-27-19-21-28(22-20-27)26(24-14-6-2-7-15-24)25-16-8-3-9-17-25/h1-17,26H,18-22H2/b13-10+
- IUPAC Name
- 1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-yl]piperazine
- SMILES
- C(\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1)N1CCN(CC1)C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Janssen, P.A.J.; U.S. Patent 2,882,271; April 14, 1959; assigned to Laboratoria Pharmaceutica Dr. C. Janssen, Belgium.
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D01295
- PubChem Compound
- 2761
- PubChem Substance
- 46506769
- ChemSpider
- 1264793
- BindingDB
- 50017657
- 2549
- ChEBI
- 31403
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL43064
- ZINC
- ZINC000019632891
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000325
- PharmGKB
- PA164749342
- PDBe Ligand
- N90
- Wikipedia
- Cinnarizine
- PDB Entries
- 7uhf
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Treatment Endocrine hypertension / Primary Aldosteronism 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Prevention Simulator Sickness 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Treatment Methamphetamine-induced Psychosis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Recruiting Treatment Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System / Vertigo 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 75.00 mg Capsule, liquid filled Oral 75 mg Tablet Oral 75.0 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 25 MG Tablet Oral 75 mg Capsule 100 MG Capsule 75 MG Solution / drops Oral 75 MG/ML Suspension Oral 75 mg Capsule Solution / drops Oral Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 75.000 mg Capsule 25 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet, coated Oral 25 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility 750 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) logP 5.77 BIOBYTE (1995) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source logP 5.88 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.1 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 6.48 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 119.86 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 43.97 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9506 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.977 Caco-2 permeable + 0.6409 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7107 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.7461 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8398 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.7902 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8549 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8919 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7558 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.7732 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9488 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9346 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.5 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9279 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9496 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9968 Rat acute toxicity 2.0618 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.5724 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.524
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-0109000000-6aafd7aead713e954b51 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-0029000000-a8411e2cfb4c21265d14 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-0906000000-ef5571072f8d2c31a967 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-0009000000-961c386872609accb3c7 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00kf-9635000000-12b340bddf8bb5e19344 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-01b9-1911000000-e220e47a7de32a02498d Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 216.6330918 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 194.14165 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 217.1474918 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 196.49965 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 216.6007918 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 203.15666 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein-coupled receptor for histamine, a biogenic amine that functions as an immune modulator and a neurotransmitter (PubMed:33828102, PubMed:8280179). Through the H1 receptor, histamine mediates the contraction of smooth muscles and increases capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules. Also mediates neurotransmission in the central nervous system and thereby regulates circadian rhythms, emotional and locomotor activities as well as cognitive functions (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HRH1
- Uniprot ID
- P35367
- Uniprot Name
- Histamine H1 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 55783.61 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Paton DM, Webster DR: Clinical pharmacokinetics of H1-receptor antagonists (the antihistamines). Clin Pharmacokinet. 1985 Nov-Dec;10(6):477-97. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Pore-forming, alpha-1C subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents (PubMed:11741969, PubMed:12176756, PubMed:12181424, PubMed:15454078, PubMed:15863612, PubMed:16299511, PubMed:17071743, PubMed:17224476, PubMed:20953164, PubMed:23677916, PubMed:24728418, PubMed:26253506, PubMed:27218670, PubMed:29078335, PubMed:29742403, PubMed:30023270, PubMed:30172029, PubMed:34163037, PubMed:7737988, PubMed:8099908, PubMed:8392192, PubMed:9013606, PubMed:9087614, PubMed:9607315). Mediates influx of calcium ions into the cytoplasm, and thereby triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasm (By similarity). Plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Required for normal heart development and normal regulation of heart rhythm (PubMed:15454078, PubMed:15863612, PubMed:17224476, PubMed:24728418, PubMed:26253506). Required for normal contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and in the intestine. Essential for normal blood pressure regulation via its role in the contraction of arterial smooth muscle cells (PubMed:28119464). Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group (Probable)
- Specific Function
- alpha-actinin binding
- Gene Name
- CACNA1C
- Uniprot ID
- Q13936
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C
- Molecular Weight
- 248974.1 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1D gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, and by benzothiazepines
- Specific Function
- alpha-actinin binding
- Gene Name
- CACNA1D
- Uniprot ID
- Q01668
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D
- Molecular Weight
- 245138.75 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1F gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, and by benzothiazepines. Activates at more negative voltages and does not undergo calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI), due to incoming calcium ions, during depolarization
- Specific Function
- high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Gene Name
- CACNA1F
- Uniprot ID
- O60840
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F
- Molecular Weight
- 220675.9 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Pore-forming, alpha-1S subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents in skeletal muscle. Calcium channels containing the alpha-1S subunit play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle via their interaction with RYR1, which triggers Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ultimately results in muscle contraction. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group
- Specific Function
- calmodulin binding
- Gene Name
- CACNA1S
- Uniprot ID
- Q13698
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S
- Molecular Weight
- 212348.1 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1G gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the 'low-voltage activated (LVA)' group and are strongly blocked by mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channel is an opening at quite negative potentials and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes.
- Specific Function
- high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Gene Name
- CACNA1G
- Uniprot ID
- O43497
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G
- Molecular Weight
- 262468.62 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channel that gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the 'low-voltage activated (LVA)' group. A particularity of this type of channel is an opening at quite negative potentials, and a voltage-dependent inactivation (PubMed:27149520, PubMed:9670923, PubMed:9930755). T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle (Probable). They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons (PubMed:15048902). In the adrenal zona glomerulosa, participates in the signaling pathway leading to aldosterone production in response to either AGT/angiotensin II, or hyperkalemia (PubMed:25907736, PubMed:27729216)
- Specific Function
- high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Gene Name
- CACNA1H
- Uniprot ID
- O95180
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H
- Molecular Weight
- 259160.2 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. This channel gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the 'low-voltage activated (LVA)' group and are strongly blocked by nickel and mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite negative potentials, and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes. Gates in voltage ranges similar to, but higher than alpha 1G or alpha 1H (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Gene Name
- CACNA1I
- Uniprot ID
- Q9P0X4
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I
- Molecular Weight
- 245100.8 Da
References
- Singh BN: The mechanism of action of calcium antagonists relative to their clinical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21 Suppl 2:109S-121S. [Article]
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Other/unknown
- General Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase (PubMed:21645528). Positively regulates postnatal regression of retinal hyaloid vessels via suppression of VEGFR2/KDR activity, downstream of OPN5 (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- dopamine binding
- Gene Name
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID
- P14416
- Uniprot Name
- D(2) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Brucke T, Wober C, Podreka I, Wober-Bingol C, Asenbaum S, Aull S, Wenger S, Ilieva D, Harasko-van der Meer C, Wessely P, et al.: D2 receptor blockade by flunarizine and cinnarizine explains extrapyramidal side effects. A SPECT study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1995 May;15(3):513-8. [Article]
- Kuzuhara S: [Drug-induced parkinsonism]. Nihon Rinsho. 1997 Jan;55(1):112-7. [Article]
- doi:10.1007/s00415-006-3004-8 [Link]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase
- Specific Function
- arrestin family protein binding
Components:
References
- Nasu R, Matsuo H, Takanaga H, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Quantitative prediction of catalepsy induced by amoxapine, cinnarizine and cyclophosphamide in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2000 May;21(4):129-38. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Components:
References
- Nasu R, Matsuo H, Takanaga H, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Quantitative prediction of catalepsy induced by amoxapine, cinnarizine and cyclophosphamide in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2000 May;21(4):129-38. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Narimatsu S, Kariya S, Isozaki S, Ohmori S, Kitada M, Hosokawa S, Masubuchi Y, Suzuki T: Involvement of CYP2D6 in oxidative metabolism of cinnarizine and flunarizine in human liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Jun 30;193(3):1262-8. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1761. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kariya S, Isozaki S, Uchino K, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S: Oxidative metabolism of flunarizine and cinnarizine by microsomes from B-lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1511-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.1511. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kariya S, Isozaki S, Uchino K, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S: Oxidative metabolism of flunarizine and cinnarizine by microsomes from B-lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1511-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.1511. [Article]
- Zhou SF, Yang LP, Zhou ZW, Liu YH, Chan E: Insights into the substrate specificity, inhibitors, regulation, and polymorphisms and the clinical impact of human cytochrome P450 1A2. AAPS J. 2009 Sep;11(3):481-94. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9127-y. Epub 2009 Jul 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:21289075). Hydroxylates steroid hormones, including testosterone at C-16 and estrogens at C-2 (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including plant lipids and drugs (PubMed:11695850, PubMed:22909231). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850)
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kariya S, Isozaki S, Uchino K, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S: Oxidative metabolism of flunarizine and cinnarizine by microsomes from B-lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1511-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.1511. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2A6
- Uniprot ID
- P11509
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2A6
- Molecular Weight
- 56517.005 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kariya S, Isozaki S, Uchino K, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S: Oxidative metabolism of flunarizine and cinnarizine by microsomes from B-lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1511-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.1511. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C15-alpha and C16-alpha positions (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15805301). Displays different regioselectivities for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hydroxylation (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Displays an absolute stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producing the 17(R),18(S) enantiomer (PubMed:15041462). May play an important role in all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P04798
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 58164.815 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Kariya S, Isozaki S, Uchino K, Suzuki T, Narimatsu S: Oxidative metabolism of flunarizine and cinnarizine by microsomes from B-lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1511-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.19.1511. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Uesawa Y, Takeuchi T, Mohri K: Integrated analysis on the physicochemical properties of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in grapefruit juice interactions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;13(9):1705-17. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Martinez-Gomez MA, Carril-Aviles MM, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camanas RM, Medina-Hernandez MJ: Characterization of antihistamine-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Apr 20;1147(2):261-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.054. Epub 2007 Feb 22. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 21, 2024 12:36