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Identification
- Summary
Panobinostat is a non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor used to treat multiple myeloma in combination with other antineoplastic agents.
- Brand Names
- Farydak
- Generic Name
- Panobinostat
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06603
- Background
Panobinostat is an oral deacetylace (DAC) inhibitor approved on February 23, 2015 by the FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma. The approval was accelerated based on progression-free survival, therefore confirmatory trials by the sponsor to demonstrate clinical efficacy in multiple myeloma treatment are in progress of being conducted. Panobinostat is marketed by Novartis under the brand name Farydak. Panobinostat acts as a non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor (pan-HDAC inhibitor) and it is the most potent DAC inhibiting agent available on the market.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Panobinostat (DB06603)
- Weight
- Average: 349.434
Monoisotopic: 349.179026993 - Chemical Formula
- C21H23N3O2
- Synonyms
- (2E)-N-hydroxy-3-[4-({[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]acrylamide
- 2-PROPENAMIDE, N-HYDROXY-3-(4-(((2-(2-METHYL-1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHYL)AMINO)METHYL)PHENYL)-, (2E)-
- hydroxypropyl-B-cyclodextrin-panobinostat complex
- Panobinostat
- Panobinostatum
Pharmacology
- Indication
Panobinostat is indicated in the treatment of multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone and bortezomib in patients who have received 2 previous treatment regimens including bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent. This indication is approved by accelerated approval based on progression free survival as of February 23, 2015.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Refractory multiple myeloma Regimen in combination with: Dexamethasone (DB01234), Bortezomib (DB00188) •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Panobinostat is a deacetylase (DAC) inhibitor. DACs, also known as histone DACs (HDAC), are responsible for regulating the acetylation of about 1750 proteins in the body; their functions are involved in many biological processes including DNA replication and repair, chromatin remodelling, transcription of genes, progression of the cell-cycle, protein degradation and cytoskeletal reorganization. In multiple myeloma, there is an overexpression of DAC proteins. Panobinostat inhibits class I (HDACs 1, 2, 3, 8), class II (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10) and class IV (HDAC 11) proteins. Panobinostat's antitumor activity is believed to be attributed to epigenetic modulation of gene expression and inhibition of protein metabolism. Panobinostat also exhibits cytotoxic synergy with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor concurrently used in treatment of multiple myeloma.
Target Actions Organism AHistone deacetylase 1 inhibitorHumans AHistone deacetylase inhibitorHumans - Absorption
After a 20 mg dose, panobinostat was quickly absorbed with a time to maximum absorption of 2 hours.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Panobinostat was extensively metabolized to 77 metabolites. Unchanged panobinostat recovered in urine and feces was 2% and 3%, respectively. Primary metabolic pathways of panobinostat are reduction, hydrolysis, oxidation, and glucuronidation processes. CYP and non-CYP enzymes were found to play significant role in metabolism, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 playing minor roles.
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
30 hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Farydak carries a Boxed Warning alerting patients and health care professionals that severe diarrhea and severe and fatal cardiac events, arrhythmias and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes have occurred in patients receiving Farydak. Because of these risks, Farydak is being approved with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) consisting of a communication plan to inform health care professionals of these risks and how to minimize them.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Panobinostat can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Panobinostat can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Panobinostat. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Panobinostat can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Panobinostat can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib. - Food Interactions
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, which may increase the serum concentration of panobinostat.
- Exercise caution with St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce the serum concentration of panobinostat.
- Take at the same time every day.
- Take with a full glass of water.
- Take with or without food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Panobinostat hydrate D07V79Q44T Not Available YUKVPQZUSANPNW-ASTDGNLGSA-N Panobinostat lactate HN0T99OO4V 960055-56-5 XVDWNSFFSMWXJJ-ASTDGNLGSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Faridak / Farydak
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Farydak Capsule 10 mg Oral Pharmaand Gmb H 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU 
Farydak Capsule 15 mg Oral Pharmaand Gmb H 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Farydak Capsule 15 mg/1 Oral Secura Bio Limited 2015-02-23 Not applicable US 
Farydak Capsule 20 mg/1 Oral Novartis Farma S.P.A. 2015-02-23 2022-12-31 US Farydak Capsule 20 mg Oral Pharmaand Gmb H 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01XH03 — Panobinostat
- Drug Categories
- Amines
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (moderate)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Hydroxamic Acids
- Hydroxy Acids
- Hydroxylamines
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Indoles
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tryptamines and derivatives. These are compounds containing the tryptamine backbone, which is structurally characterized by an indole ring substituted at the 3-position by an ethanamine.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Indoles and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Tryptamines and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Tryptamines and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Cinnamic acids and derivatives / 3-alkylindoles / Styrenes / Phenylmethylamines / Benzylamines / Aralkylamines / Substituted pyrroles / Heteroaromatic compounds / Hydroxamic acids / Amino acids and derivatives show 6 more
- Substituents
- 3-alkylindole / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzylamine / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative show 19 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- secondary amino compound, hydroxamic acid, cinnamamides, methylindole (CHEBI:85990)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 9647FM7Y3Z
- CAS number
- 404950-80-7
- InChI Key
- FPOHNWQLNRZRFC-ZHACJKMWSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C21H23N3O2/c1-15-18(19-4-2-3-5-20(19)23-15)12-13-22-14-17-8-6-16(7-9-17)10-11-21(25)24-26/h2-11,22-23,26H,12-14H2,1H3,(H,24,25)/b11-10+
- IUPAC Name
- (2E)-N-hydroxy-3-[4-({[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide
- SMILES
- CC1=C(CCNCC2=CC=C(\C=C\C(=O)NO)C=C2)C2=CC=CC=C2N1
References
- General References
- Qian DZ, Kato Y, Shabbeer S, Wei Y, Verheul HM, Salumbides B, Sanni T, Atadja P, Pili R: Targeting tumor angiogenesis with histone deacetylase inhibitors: the hydroxamic acid derivative LBH589. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 15;12(2):634-42. [Article]
- Laubach JP, Moreau P, San-Miguel JF, Richardson PG: Panobinostat for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Nov 1;21(21):4767-73. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0530. Epub 2015 Sep 11. [Article]
- Link [Link]
- Drugs of the Future - Panobinostat [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D10019
- PubChem Compound
- 6918837
- PubChem Substance
- 310264874
- ChemSpider
- 5294028
- BindingDB
- 29589
- 1603350
- ChEBI
- 85990
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL483254
- ZINC
- ZINC000022010649
- PharmGKB
- PA166161307
- PDBe Ligand
- LBH
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Panobinostat
- PDB Entries
- 5ef8
- FDA label
- Download (772 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (227 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available No Longer Available Not Available Multiple Myeloma (MM) 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Recruiting Treatment Acute Myeloid Leukemia / Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD) / Polycythemia Vera (PV) / Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) / Thalassemia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Hodgkin's Lymphoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 10 mg/1 Capsule Oral 15 mg/1 Capsule Oral 20 mg/1 Capsule Oral 10 mg Capsule Oral 15 mg Capsule Oral 20 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US7067551 No 2006-06-27 2021-08-31 US US6833384 No 2004-12-21 2021-09-30 US US8883842 No 2014-11-11 2028-06-13 US US6552065 No 2003-04-22 2021-08-31 US US7989494 No 2011-08-02 2028-01-17 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00198 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.16 ALOGPS logP 2.48 Chemaxon logS -5.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 9.31 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.95 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 77.15 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 7 Chemaxon Refractivity 105.5 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 38.94 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0gb9-0009000000-95f7252268acfe0fbab2 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-1009000000-93ff24717c5d00ea59ad Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0ldj-0679000000-cb50a9738303fc1e8fac Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00r6-9324000000-b98c8fcafc9fa806aebe Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0a4i-4941000000-44f4841f32e10976edc6 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-001l-0901000000-3d4fdd55d793f00a9c97 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 207.7104289 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 185.19916 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 207.9414289 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 187.55716 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 208.0041289 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 194.2824 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Acts as a component of the histone deacetylase NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin (PubMed:16428440, PubMed:28977666). As part of the SIN3B complex is recruited downstream of the constitutively active genes transcriptional start sites through interaction with histones and mitigates histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II progression within transcribed regions contributing to the regulation of transcription (PubMed:21041482). Also functions as a deacetylase for non-histone targets, such as NR1D2, RELA, SP1, SP3, STAT3 and TSHZ3 (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16285960, PubMed:16478997, PubMed:17996965, PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16478997). Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons (PubMed:19081374). Upon calcium stimulation, HDAC1 is released from the complex and CREBBP is recruited, which facilitates transcriptional activation (PubMed:19081374). Deacetylates TSHZ3 and regulates its transcriptional repressor activity (PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates 'Lys-310' in RELA and thereby inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:17000776). Deacetylates NR1D2 and abrogates the effect of KAT5-mediated relieving of NR1D2 transcription repression activity (PubMed:17996965). Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development (By similarity). Involved in CIART-mediated transcriptional repression of the circadian transcriptional activator: CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex or CRY1 through histone deacetylation (By similarity). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (PubMed:28497810)
- Specific Function
- core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
- Gene Name
- HDAC1
- Uniprot ID
- Q13547
- Uniprot Name
- Histone deacetylase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 55102.615 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Acts as a component of the histone deacetylase NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin (PubMed:16428440, PubMed:28977666). As part of the SIN3B complex is recruited downstream of the constitutively active genes transcriptional start sites through interaction with histones and mitigates histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II progression within transcribed regions contributing to the regulation of transcription (PubMed:21041482). Also functions as a deacetylase for non-histone targets, such as NR1D2, RELA, SP1, SP3, STAT3 and TSHZ3 (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16285960, PubMed:16478997, PubMed:17996965, PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16478997). Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons (PubMed:19081374). Upon calcium stimulation, HDAC1 is released from the complex and CREBBP is recruited, which facilitates transcriptional activation (PubMed:19081374). Deacetylates TSHZ3 and regulates its transcriptional repressor activity (PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates 'Lys-310' in RELA and thereby inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:17000776). Deacetylates NR1D2 and abrogates the effect of KAT5-mediated relieving of NR1D2 transcription repression activity (PubMed:17996965). Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development (By similarity). Involved in CIART-mediated transcriptional repression of the circadian transcriptional activator: CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex or CRY1 through histone deacetylation (By similarity). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (PubMed:28497810)
- Specific Function
- core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Components:
References
- Beckers T, Burkhardt C, Wieland H, Gimmnich P, Ciossek T, Maier T, Sanders K: Distinct pharmacological properties of second generation HDAC inhibitors with the benzamide or hydroxamate head group. Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 1;121(5):1138-48. [Article]
- Geng L, Cuneo KC, Fu A, Tu T, Atadja PW, Hallahan DE: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor LBH589 increases duration of gamma-H2AX foci and confines HDAC4 to the cytoplasm in irradiated non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 1;66(23):11298-304. [Article]
- Favreau AJ, McGlauflin RE, Duarte CW, Sathyanarayana P: miR-199b, a novel tumor suppressor miRNA in acute myeloid leukemia with prognostic implications. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2016 Feb 3;5:4. doi: 10.1186/s40164-016-0033-6. eCollection 2015. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Richardson PG, Harvey RD, Laubach JP, Moreau P, Lonial S, San-Miguel JF: Panobinostat for the treatment of relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: pharmacology and clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(1):35-48. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1096773. Epub 2015 Oct 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Richardson PG, Harvey RD, Laubach JP, Moreau P, Lonial S, San-Miguel JF: Panobinostat for the treatment of relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: pharmacology and clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(1):35-48. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1096773. Epub 2015 Oct 26. [Article]
- Bailey H, Stenehjem DD, Sharma S: Panobinostat for the treatment of multiple myeloma: the evidence to date. J Blood Med. 2015 Oct 8;6:269-76. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S69140. eCollection 2015. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Bailey H, Stenehjem DD, Sharma S: Panobinostat for the treatment of multiple myeloma: the evidence to date. J Blood Med. 2015 Oct 8;6:269-76. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S69140. eCollection 2015. [Article]
Drug created at March 19, 2008 16:40 / Updated at October 21, 2024 12:55