Atropine

Identification

Summary

Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist used to treat poisoning by muscarinic agents, including organophosphates and other drugs.

Brand Names

Atnaa, Atropen, Busulfex, Donnatal, Duodote, Enlon-plus, Isopto Atropine, Lomotil, Minims Atropine Sulphate, Motofen, Phenohytro

Generic Name

Atropine

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00572

Background

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly solanaceae.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Vet approved

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 289.3694
Monoisotopic: 289.167793607
Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₃NO₃

Synonyms

(±)-atropine
(±)-hyoscyamine
Atropin
Atropina
Atropine
Atropinum
dl-Hyoscyamine
dl-tropyltropate
Tropine tropate

External IDs

NSC 61810

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of poisoning by susceptible organophosphorous nerve agents having anti-cholinesterase activity (cholinesterase inhibitors) as well as organophosphorous or carbamate insecticides.

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Associated Conditions

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Atropine, a naturally occurring belladonna alkaloid, is a racemic mixture of equal parts of d- and l-hyoscyamine, whose activity is due almost entirely to the levo isomer of the drug. Atropine is commonly classified as an anticholinergic or antiparasympathetic (parasympatholytic) drug. More precisely, however, it is termed an antimuscarinic agent since it antagonizes the muscarine-like actions of acetylcholine and other choline esters. Adequate doses of atropine abolish various types of reflex vagal cardiac slowing or asystole. The drug also prevents or abolishes bradycardia or asystole produced by injection of choline esters, anticholinesterase agents or other parasympathomimetic drugs, and cardiac arrest produced by stimulation of the vagus. Atropine may also lessen the degree of partial heart block when vagal activity is an etiologic factor. Atropine in clinical doses counteracts the peripheral dilatation and abrupt decrease in blood pressure produced by choline esters. However, when given by itself, atropine does not exert a striking or uniform effect on blood vessels or blood pressure.

Mechanism of action

Atropine binds to and inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, producing a wide range of anticholinergic effects.

Target	Actions	Organism
AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	antagonist	Humans
AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	antagonist	Humans
AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	antagonist	Humans
AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	antagonist	Humans
AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	antagonist	Humans
UGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1	antagonist	Humans
UNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Not Available	Humans
UNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

Atropine is rapidly and well absorbed after intramuscular administration. Atropine disappears rapidly from the blood and is distributed throughout the various body tissues and fluids.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

The protein binding of atropine is 14 to 22% in plasma.

Metabolism

Much of the drug is destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in the liver. From 13 to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Route of elimination

Much of the drug is destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in the liver; from 13 to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Half-life

3.0 ± 0.9 hours in adults. The half-life of atropine is slightly shorter (approximately 20 minutes) in females than males.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Oral, mouse: LD₅₀ = 75 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose includes widespread paralysis of parasympathetically innervated organs. Dry mucous membranes, widely dilated and nonresponsive pupils, tachycardia, fever and cutaneous flush are especially prominent, as are mental and neurological symptoms. In instances of severe intoxication, respiratory depression, coma, circulatory collapse and death may occur.

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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1,2-Benzodiazepine	1,2-Benzodiazepine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Atropine.
Acebutolol	Atropine may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Acebutolol.
Aceclofenac	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Atropine is combined with Aceclofenac.
Acemetacin	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Atropine is combined with Acemetacin.
Acetazolamide	Acetazolamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Atropine.
Acetophenazine	Acetophenazine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Atropine.
Acetyldigitoxin	Acetyldigitoxin may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Atropine.
Acetylsalicylic acid	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Atropine is combined with Acetylsalicylic acid.
Aclidinium	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Atropine is combined with Aclidinium.
Acrivastine	The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Acrivastine is combined with Atropine.

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Food Interactions

Avoid alcohol.
Take with food.

Products

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Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Atropine hydrochloride	EUF58V826B	33952-38-4	OJIPQOWZZMSBGY-RIMUKSHESA-N
Atropine sulfate	03J5ZE7KA5	5908-99-6	JPKKQJKQTPNWTR-CHYDPLAESA-N
Atropine sulfate anyhdrous	KAE4PSB0Z3	55-48-1	HOBWAPHTEJGALG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Product Images

International/Other Brands

Anespin (Oriental Chemical Works) / Antol (Ying Yuan) / AtroPen (Meridian) / Atropt (Sigma) / Atrospan (Fischer) / Bellapan (Farmapol) / Dysurgal (MaxMedic) / Kintropine (Synpac-Kingdom) / Tromine (The Central)

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
ATROPEN Auto-Injector	Injection	1 mg/0.7mL	Intramuscular	Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.	2003-06-19	Not applicable
ATROPEN Auto-Injector	Injection	2 mg/0.7mL	Intramuscular	Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.	1973-05-15	Not applicable
ATROPEN Auto-Injector	Injection	0.5 mg/0.7mL	Intramuscular	Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.	2003-06-19	Not applicable
ATROPEN Auto-Injector	Injection	2 mg/0.7mL	Intramuscular	Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.	2003-06-19	Not applicable
ATROPEN Auto-Injector	Injection	0.25 mg/0.3mL	Intramuscular	Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.	2004-09-17	Not applicable
Atropine	Solution	1 %	Ophthalmic	Pharma Stulln Inc.	1994-12-31	Not applicable
Atropine	Solution / drops	10 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Mwi	2015-03-23	Not applicable
Atropine	Solution / drops	10 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	A-S Medication Solutions	2014-07-18	Not applicable
Atropine	Solution / drops	10 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Akorn, Inc.	2014-07-18	Not applicable
Atropine 1%	Solution / drops	1 %	Ophthalmic	Novartis Ophthalmics Novartis Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc	1987-12-31	2003-12-10

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Atropine	Solution / drops	10 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Apotrex Corp.	2021-11-26	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection	0.1 mg/1mL	Intravenous	Accord Healthcare, Inc.,	2021-07-30	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection	0.1 mg/1mL	Intravenous	HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst	2021-04-25	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection, solution	0.4 mg/1mL	Endotracheal; Intramedullary; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	Medical Purchasing Solutions, Llc	2021-03-25	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection	0.1 mg/1mL	Intravenous	REMEDYREPACK INC.	2021-06-14	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection, solution	0.4 mg/1mL	Endotracheal; Intramedullary; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	Accord Healthcare Inc.	2021-03-25	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection	0.05 mg/1mL	Intravenous	Accord Healthcare, Inc.,	2021-07-30	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection	0.1 mg/1mL	Intravenous	Medical Purchasing Solutions, Llc	2021-02-17	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Injection	0.1 mg/1mL	Intravenous	International Medication Systems, Limited	2021-02-17	Not applicable

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
ISOPTO ATROPINE STERILE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION 1%	Solution	1 %	Ophthalmic	ALCON PTE LTD	1990-04-17	Not applicable
ยูเมด้า อะโทรปิน	Solution	0.5 mg/1ml		บริษัท ยูเมด้า จำกัด	1999-09-21	2020-08-23

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
ATNAA atropine and pralidoxime chloride Auto-Injector	Atropine (2.1 mg/0.7mL) + Pralidoxime chloride (600 mg/2mL)	Kit	Intramuscular	Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.	2002-01-17	Not applicable
BEAMOTIL TABLETS	Atropine sulfate anyhdrous (0.025 mg) + Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (2.5 mg)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	BEACONS PHARMACEUTICALS PTE. LTD.	1991-06-01	Not applicable
DHAMOTIL TABLET	Atropine sulfate anyhdrous (0.025 mg) + Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (2.5 mg)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	DRUG HOUSES OF AUSTRALIA PTE. LTD.	1991-01-29	Not applicable
Diban Cap	Atropine sulfate (9.7 mcg) + Attapulgite (300 mg) + Hyoscyamine sulfate (0.0519 mg) + Opium (12 mg) + Pectin (71.4 mg) + Scopolamine (3.3 mcg)	Capsule	Oral	Wyeth Ayerst Canada Inc.	1998-02-18	2001-01-30
Diban Cap	Atropine sulfate (9.7 mcg) + Attapulgite (300 mg) + Hyoscyamine sulfate (0.0519 mg) + Opium (12 mg) + Pectin (71.4 mg) + Scopolamine (3.3 mcg)	Capsule	Oral	Ayerst Laboratories	1992-12-31	1999-04-12
Diphenoxylate Hcl and Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.025 mg/1) + Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Stat Rx USA	1979-10-29	Not applicable
Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.025 mg/1) + Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	1977-11-17	Not applicable
Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.025 mg/1) + Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	A-S Medication Solutions	1977-11-17	Not applicable
Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.025 mg/1) + Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Cardinal Health	2010-11-30	2013-11-30
Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate	Atropine (0.025 mg/1) + Diphenoxylate (2.5 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Lannett Company, Inc.	1978-02-21	Not applicable

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
ATROPIN GALEN 0,25 MG 10 AMPUL	Atropine sulfate anyhdrous (0.25 mg)	Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	GALEN İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC.A.Ş	2020-08-14	Not applicable
ATROPIN GALEN 0,5 MG 10 AMPUL	Atropine sulfate anyhdrous (0.5 mg)	Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	GALEN İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC.A.Ş	2020-08-14	Not applicable
ATROPIN GALEN 1 MG 10 AMPUL	Atropine sulfate anyhdrous (1 mg)	Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	GALEN İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC.A.Ş	2020-08-14	Not applicable
Atropine Care	Atropine sulfate anyhdrous (10 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Akorn, Inc	1995-06-01	2008-06-01
Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.4 mg/1mL)	Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	AMERICAN REGENT, INC.	1992-11-01	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/1mL)	Injection	Intravenous; Parenteral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1996-04-22	2013-01-15
Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.4 mg/1mL)	Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	Cardinal Health	2011-07-07	2018-10-31
Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.4 mg/1mL)	Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.	1971-01-01	Not applicable
Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (1 mg/1mL)	Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	General Injectables & Vaccines, Inc	2010-08-01	2012-05-01
Atropine Sulfate	Atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/1mL)	Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	General Injectables & Vaccines, Inc.	2010-03-01	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: 7C0697DR9I
CAS number: 51-55-8
InChI Key: RKUNBYITZUJHSG-SPUOUPEWSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15+,16?
IUPAC Name: (1R,3R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
SMILES: CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1C[C@@H](C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Pei-Chang Wu, Hsi-Kung Kuo, Po-Chiung Fang, Jong-Jer Lee, Chih-Hsin Chen, "Low-concentration atropine solution for preventing myopia progression and preparing method thereof." U.S. Patent US20070254914, issued November 01, 2007.

US20070254914

General References

Not Available

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0014712
KEGG Drug: D00113
KEGG Compound: C01479
PubChem Compound: 174174
PubChem Substance: 46507540
ChemSpider: 10194105
BindingDB: 50403547
RxNav: 1223
ChEBI: 78734
ChEMBL: CHEMBL517712
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP000377
PharmGKB: PA448505
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand: OIN
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia: Atropine

FDA label

Download (164 KB)

MSDS

Download (73.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Basic Science	Myopia (Disorder)	1
4	Completed	Diagnostic	Intraocular Pressure Changes During Tracheal Extubation	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Alzheimer's Disease (AD) / Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Arrhythmia / Respiratory Arrest (Disorder)	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Bradycardia	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Bradycardia / Dexmedetomidine / Spinal Anaesthesia	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Intubation, Endotracheal	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Myopia (Disorder)	1
4	Completed	Screening	Anesthesia; Functional	1
4	Completed	Supportive Care	Nausea / Vomiting	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Meridian medical technologies inc
Solvay pharmaceuticals
United states army office surgeon general
Hospira inc
Mission pharmacal co

Packagers

Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
Akorn Inc.
Alcon Laboratories
American Regent
Amphastar Pharmaceuticals
APP Pharmaceuticals
A-S Medication Solutions LLC
Baroli
Bausch & Lomb Inc.
Baxter International Inc.
Bioniche Pharma
Cardinal Health
Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
Clipper Distributing Co. LLC
Contract Pharm
Dispensing Solutions
E. Fougera and Co.
Falcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
General Injectables and Vaccines Inc.
Hawthorn Pharmaceuticals
Hope Pharmaceuticals
Hospira Inc.
Luitpold Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Mallinckrodt Inc.
Mckesson Corp.
Meridian Medical Technologies Inc.
MWI Veterinary Supply Co.
Nycomed Inc.
Ocumed Inc.
OMJ Pharmaceuticals
PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Pharmedium
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Prometic Pharma Inc.
Rx Veterinary Products
Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Vedco Inc.
Wa Butler Co.

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Kit	Intramuscular
Injection	Intramuscular	0.25 mg/0.3mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic	10 mg
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.5 %
Injection, solution	Intravenous	1 %
Ointment	Ophthalmic	0.5 g/100ml
Ointment	Ophthalmic	0.5 %
Ointment	Ophthalmic	1 g/100ml
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	10 MG/ML
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	5 MG/ML
Solution	Ophthalmic
Injection, solution		0.1 MG/ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral	0.21 MG/ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral	0.5 MG/ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral	1 MG/ML
Solution	Intravenous; Subcutaneous	1 mg
Solution	Intravenous	1 mg
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	1 mg
Solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	1 mg
Tablet
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	1 %
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	10 mg/1mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.4 mg / mL
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	600 mcg/ml
Ointment	Ophthalmic	1 %
Injection
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.4 mg/1mL
Injection	Intravenous	0.05 mg/1mL
Injection	Intravenous	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection	Intravenous; Parenteral	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection	Parenteral	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Endotracheal; Intramedullary; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.4 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Endotracheal; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.05 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Endotracheal; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.4 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.4 mg/0.5mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	1 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.05 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.1 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.4 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	1 mg/1mL
Ointment	Ophthalmic	10 mg/1g
Solution	Ophthalmic	1 mg/1mL
Liquid	Intravenous	.1 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.3 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.8 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.6 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	1 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.5 mg / 5 mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	1 mg / 5 mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	3 mg / 10 mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	.6 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	1 mg / 10 mL
Solution		0.6 mg/1ml
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.6 mg/ml
Injection	Parenteral
Injection, solution
Injection, solution	Parenteral
Solution	Parenteral	1 mg
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	10 mg / mL
Solution	Ophthalmic	10.0 mg/ml
Tablet, film coated	Oral	0.025 mg
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic
Capsule	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral
Injection, solution	Intravenous
Injection	Intravenous
Solution	Ophthalmic	10 mg/1mL
Solution	Ophthalmic	1 %
Tablet	Oral	2.5 mg
Ointment	Ophthalmic
Liquid	Oral
Solution	Oral
Tablet	Oral	0.025 mg
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	600 mcg/ml
Solution	Ophthalmic	1 % w/v
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	1 % w/v
Injection	Intramuscular	0.5 mg/0.7mL
Injection	Intramuscular	1 mg/0.7mL
Injection	Intramuscular	2 mg/0.7mL
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous
Elixir	Oral
Liquid	Ophthalmic	1 %
Syrup	Oral	0.025 mg/5ml
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous
Tablet
Solution		0.5 mg/1ml
Solution		1 mg/1ml
Tablet		0.6 mg
Solution
Suspension

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Atropine Sulfate 1% Solution 15ml Bottle	101.27USD	bottle
Isopto Atropine 1% Solution 15ml Bottle	34.65USD	bottle
Atropine powder	34.48USD	g
Isopto Atropine 1% Solution 5ml Bottle	26.59USD	bottle
Atropine Sulfate 1% Solution 5ml Bottle	16.82USD	bottle
Atropine Sulfate 1% Ointment 3.5 gm Tube	15.92USD	tube
Atropine-Care 1% Solution 2ml Bottle	7.99USD	bottle
Isopto atropine 1% eye drops	5.06USD	ml
Atropine-ns 1 mg/2.5 ml syr	4.8USD	ml
Atropine-ns 0.8 mg/2 ml syr	3.9USD	ml
Atropine 1% eye drops	2.88USD	ml
Atropine sulfate powder	2.06USD	g
Atropine care 1% eye drops	2.03USD	ml
Atropine-ns 2 mg/5 ml syringe	1.92USD	ml
Atropine Sulfate 0.4 mg/ml	1.6USD	ml
Atropine Sulfate 0.6 mg/ml	1.6USD	ml
Atropine 1 mg/ml vial	1.44USD	ml
Atropine Sulfate 0.4 mg/ml Solution	1.22USD	ml
Atropine 0.4 mg/0.5 ml ampul	1.2USD	ampul
Atropine 1 mg/ml ampul	1.2USD	ml
Atropine 0.4 mg/ml vial	0.96USD	ml
Isopto Atropine 1 % Solution	0.68USD	ml
Sal-tropine 0.4 mg tablet	0.36USD	tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	118.5 °C	PhysProp
water solubility	2200 mg/L (at 25 °C)	DEHN,WM (1917)
logP	1.83	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS	-2.12	ADME Research, USCD
pKa	9.43	SANGSTER (1994)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	2.52 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	2.19	ALOGPS
logP	1.57	ChemAxon
logS	-2.1	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	15.15	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.39	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	49.77 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	ChemAxon
Refractivity	80.82 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	31.28 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	3	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9286
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.9569
Caco-2 permeable	+	0.8866
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.5
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.6542
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.8595
Renal organic cation transporter	Inhibitor	0.7956
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7041
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.6838
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Substrate	0.5496
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9275
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9285
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.95
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.9113
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.7742
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.9631
Biodegradation	Ready biodegradable	0.5527
Rat acute toxicity	2.7305 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.8354
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Inhibitor	0.5378

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Download (7.92 KB)

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive	LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0090000000-b8bc13dbb3c507a0f6b6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0190000000-c8603eb138fb8f0e3404
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dl-3940000000-da1a38da6babdc138c49
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006x-9700000000-2f9f7ce546a61df93bfa
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9300000000-6a976c404c7b299bbdd6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9200000000-0eb0ff987d891c85a047
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0090000000-59d025c22f64675dc295
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0090000000-661bc87f4d92ae6353d7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dl-1960000000-dafd68e61cc5909f5dec
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dl-7900000000-48d355c9eef2af0979cc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-9300000000-659231292b6eba371158
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-2900000000-3d5f34ceb343969b3c91
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00fr-0900000000-a216bda74712aba9b341
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006x-6951100000-dad9042cce0338579e31

Targets

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Details1. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
Specific Function: The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name: CHRM1
Uniprot ID: P11229
Uniprot Name: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Molecular Weight: 51420.375 Da

References

Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Kd (nM)	1.35	N/A	N/A	A28615

Details2. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Specific Function: The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name: CHRM2
Uniprot ID: P08172
Uniprot Name: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Molecular Weight: 51714.605 Da

References

Roman S, Badia A, Camps P, Munoz-Torrero D, Clos MV: Nicotinic-receptor potentiator drugs, huprine X and galantamine, increase ACh release by blocking AChE activity but not acting on nicotinic receptors. Brain Res. 2005 Nov 9;1061(2):73-9. Epub 2005 Oct 24. [Article]
Minaba M, Ichiyama S, Kojima K, Ozaki M, Kato Y: Activation of nematode G protein GOA-1 by the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 subtype. Functional coupling of G-protein-coupled receptor and G protein originated from evolutionarily distant animals. FEBS J. 2006 Dec;273(24):5508-16. Epub 2006 Nov 3. [Article]
May LT, Lin Y, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A: Regulation of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression and signaling by prolonged exposure to allosteric modulators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):382-90. Epub 2004 Aug 27. [Article]
Cembala TM, Forde SC, Appadu BL, Lambert DG: Allosteric interaction of the neuromuscular blockers vecuronium and pancuronium with recombinant human muscarinic M2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Aug 13;569(1-2):37-40. Epub 2007 May 22. [Article]
Nelson CP, Nahorski SR, Challiss RA: Constitutive activity and inverse agonism at the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jan;316(1):279-88. Epub 2005 Sep 27. [Article]
Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Kd (nM)	1.48	N/A	N/A	A28615

Details3. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Receptor activity
Specific Function: The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name: CHRM3
Uniprot ID: P20309
Uniprot Name: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
Molecular Weight: 66127.445 Da

References

Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]

Details4. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Specific Function: The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name: CHRM4
Uniprot ID: P08173
Uniprot Name: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
Molecular Weight: 53048.65 Da

References

Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]

Details5. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
Specific Function: The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name: CHRM5
Uniprot ID: P08912
Uniprot Name: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5
Molecular Weight: 60073.205 Da

References

Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Details6. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function: The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
Gene Name: GLRA1
Uniprot ID: P23415
Uniprot Name: Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight: 52623.35 Da

References

Jensen AA, Kristiansen U: Functional characterisation of the human alpha1 glycine receptor in a fluorescence-based membrane potential assay. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 May 1;67(9):1789-99. [Article]

Details7. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function: After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane permeabl...
Gene Name: CHRNA4
Uniprot ID: P43681
Uniprot Name: Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4
Molecular Weight: 69956.47 Da

References

Smulders CJ, Zwart R, Bermudez I, van Kleef RG, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Vijverberg HP: Cholinergic drugs potentiate human nicotinic alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptors by a competitive mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Feb 21;509(2-3):97-108. [Article]

Details8. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function: After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane permeabl...
Gene Name: CHRNB2
Uniprot ID: P17787
Uniprot Name: Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2
Molecular Weight: 57018.575 Da

References

Smulders CJ, Zwart R, Bermudez I, van Kleef RG, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Vijverberg HP: Cholinergic drugs potentiate human nicotinic alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptors by a competitive mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Feb 21;509(2-3):97-108. [Article]

Transporters

Details1. Bile salt export pump

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name: ABCB11
Uniprot ID: O95342
Uniprot Name: Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight: 146405.83 Da

References

Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 08, 2021 01:57

Atropine

Identification

Structure for Atropine (DB00572)

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Targets

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Transporters

References