Pindolol
Identification
- Name
- Pindolol
- Accession Number
- DB00960
- Description
A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (adrenergic beta-antagonists). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Pindolol (DB00960)
- Weight
- Average: 248.3208
Monoisotopic: 248.152477894 - Chemical Formula
- C14H20N2O2
- Synonyms
- 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol
- 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(propan-2-ylamino)-propan-2-ol
- 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]propan-2-ol
- 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)-indole
- Pindolol
- Pindololum
- External IDs
- BRN 1536506
- CCRIS 9215
- DL-LB-46
- HSDB 6539
- LB 46
- LB-46
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the management of hypertension, edema, ventricular tachycardias, and atrial fibrillation.
- Associated Conditions
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Learn about our commercial Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings data.
Learn More- Pharmacodynamics
Pindolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist (beta-blocker) which possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) in therapeutic dosage ranges but does not possess quinidine-like membrane stabilizing activity. Pindolol impairs AV node conduction and decreases sinus rate and may also increase plasma triglycerides and decrease HDL-cholesterol levels. Pindolol is nonpolar and hydrophobic, with low to moderate lipid solubility. Pindolol has little to no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and, unlike some other beta-adrenergic blocking agents, pindolol has little direct myocardial depressant activity and does not have an anesthetic-like membrane-stabilizing action.
- Mechanism of action
Pindolol non-selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors mainly in the heart, inhibiting the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine resulting in a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. By binding beta-2 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, Pindolol inhibits the production of renin, thereby inhibiting angiotensin II and aldosterone production and therefore inhibits the vasoconstriction and water retention due to angiotensin II and aldosterone, respectively.
Target Actions Organism ABeta-1 adrenergic receptor partial agonistHumans ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor partial agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A antagonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B other/unknownHumans UBeta-3 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
Rapidly and reproducibly absorbed (bioavailability greater than 95%).
- Volume of distribution
- 2 L/kg
- Protein binding
40%
- Metabolism
Hepatic. In man, 35% to 40% is excreted unchanged in the urine and 60% to 65% is metabolized primarily to hydroxy-metabolites which are excreted as glucuronides and ethereal sulfates.
- Route of elimination
Pindolol undergoes extensive metabolism in animals and man. In man, 35% to 40% is excreted unchanged in the urine and 60% to 65% is metabolized primarily to hydroxy-metabolites which are excreted as glucuronides and ethereal sulfates. About 6% to 9% of an administered intravenous dose is excreted by the bile into the feces.
- Half-life
3 to 4 hours
- Clearance
- 50-300 mL/min [cirrhotic patients]
- Adverse Effects
Learn about our commercial Adverse Effects data.
Learn More- Toxicity
LD50=263 mg/kg (orally in rats). Signs of overdose include excessive bradycardia, cardiac failure, hypotension, and bronchospasm.
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
Pathway Category Pindolol Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Unlock Additional DataAbacavir Pindolol may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level. Abatacept The metabolism of Pindolol can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Pindolol can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Acarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Pindolol can be increased when used in combination with Acarbose. Acebutolol The metabolism of Pindolol can be decreased when combined with Acebutolol. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pindolol. Acemetacin Acemetacin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pindolol. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pindolol is combined with Acenocoumarol. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen may decrease the excretion rate of Pindolol which could result in a higher serum level. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Pindolol. Additional Data Available- Extended DescriptionExtended Description
Extended description of the mechanism of action and particular properties of each drug interaction.
Learn more - Severity
- Evidence Level
- ActionAction
An effect category for each drug interaction. Know how this interaction affects the subject drug.
Learn more
- Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol.
- Take with or without food. Food does not significantly affect absorption.
Products
- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Betapindol / Blockin L / Blocklin L / Calvisken / Decreten / Durapindol / Glauco-Visken / Pectobloc / Pinbetol / Prinodolol / Pynastin
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Unlock Additional DataPindolol-10 Tab 10mg Tablet Oral Pro Doc Limitee 1989-12-31 2020-03-09 Canada 
Pindolol-15 Tab 15mg Tablet Oral Pro Doc Limitee 1989-12-31 2012-07-23 Canada Pindolol-5 Tab 5mg Tablet Oral Pro Doc Limitee 1989-12-31 2020-03-09 Canada Visken Tablet 10 mg/1 Oral Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation 1982-09-03 2019-09-10 US 
Visken Tablet 5 mg Oral Aralez Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc 1978-12-31 Not applicable Canada Visken Tablet 10 mg Oral Aralez Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc 1978-12-31 Not applicable Canada Visken Tablet 5 mg/1 Oral Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation 1982-09-03 2019-09-10 US Visken Tablet 15 mg Oral Tribute Pharmaceuticals 1978-12-31 2017-07-13 Canada Additional Data Available- Application NumberApplication Number
A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.
Learn more - Product CodeProduct Code
A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.
Learn more
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Unlock Additional DataApo-pindol Tab 10mg Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1988-12-31 Not applicable Canada Apo-pindol Tab 15mg Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1988-12-31 Not applicable Canada Apo-pindol Tab 5mg Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1988-12-31 Not applicable Canada Dom-pindolol Tablet Oral Dominion Pharmacal 1998-09-17 2018-10-10 Canada Dom-pindolol Tablet Oral Dominion Pharmacal 1998-09-17 Not applicable Canada Dom-pindolol Tablet Oral Dominion Pharmacal 1998-09-17 2018-10-10 Canada Gen-pindolol Tab 15mg Tablet Oral Genpharm Ulc 1994-12-31 2010-08-04 Canada Mylan-pindolol Tablet Oral Mylan Pharmaceuticals 1994-12-31 2012-10-19 Canada Mylan-pindolol Tablet Oral Mylan Pharmaceuticals 1994-12-31 2012-10-19 Canada Nu-pindol Tab 10mg Tablet Oral Nu Pharm Inc 1990-12-31 2012-09-04 Canada Additional Data Available- Application NumberApplication Number
A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.
Learn more - Product CodeProduct Code
A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.
Learn more
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Viskazide Pindolol (10 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) Tablet Oral Aralez Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc 1983-12-31 Not applicable Canada Viskazide Pindolol (10 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg) Tablet Oral Aralez Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc 1983-12-31 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C07CA03 — Pindolol and other diuretics
- C07CA — Beta blocking agents, non-selective, and other diuretics
- C07C — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS AND OTHER DIURETICS
- C07 — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic Agents
- Adrenergic Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Antidepressive Agents
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Antihypertensive Agents Indicated for Hypertension
- Beta Blocking Agents, Non-Selective
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Hypotensive Agents
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Phenoxypropanolamines
- Propanolamines
- Propanols
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
- Vasodilating Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles. These are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Indoles and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Indoles
- Direct Parent
- Indoles
- Alternative Parents
- Alkyl aryl ethers / Benzenoids / Pyrroles / Heteroaromatic compounds / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Ether / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- indoles, secondary amine (CHEBI:8214)
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- BJ4HF6IU1D
- CAS number
- 13523-86-9
- InChI Key
- JZQKKSLKJUAGIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C14H20N2O2/c1-10(2)16-8-11(17)9-18-14-5-3-4-13-12(14)6-7-15-13/h3-7,10-11,15-17H,8-9H2,1-2H3
- IUPAC Name
- 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-[(propan-2-yl)amino]propan-2-ol
- SMILES
- CC(C)NCC(O)COC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US3471515
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015095
- KEGG Drug
- D00513
- KEGG Compound
- C07445
- PubChem Compound
- 4828
- PubChem Substance
- 46508362
- ChemSpider
- 4662
- BindingDB
- 50019443
- 8332
- ChEBI
- 8214
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL500
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000025
- PharmGKB
- PA450966
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Pindolol
- AHFS Codes
- 24:24.00 — Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents
- MSDS
- Download (74.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 2 Completed Treatment Antidepressant Treatment Response / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1 2, 3 Terminated Treatment Unipolar Depression 1 1 Completed Basic Science Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Moods Disorders / Substance-Related Disorders 1 1 Unknown Status Treatment Healthy Volunteers 1 Not Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available COVID / COVID - 19 / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Novel Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID-19) 1 Not Available Completed Basic Science Healthy Volunteers 1 Not Available Terminated Treatment High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Microvascular Angina 1 Not Available Terminated Treatment Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Genpharm pharmaceuticals inc
- Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Nostrum laboratories inc
- Purepac pharmaceutical co
- Sandoz inc
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Packagers
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Merckle GmbH
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Novartis AG
- Novopharm Ltd.
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Qualitest
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet 15 mg Tablet Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet Oral Tablet Oral Solution / drops Oral 5 mg/ml Tablet Oral 10 mg Tablet Oral 15 MG Tablet Oral 5 MG Tablet 5 MG - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Visken 15 mg Tablet 1.52USD tablet Visken 10 mg Tablet 1.05USD tablet Pindolol 10 mg tablet 1.0USD tablet Pindolol 5 mg tablet 0.73USD tablet Apo-Pindol 15 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Gen-Pindolol 15 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Novo-Pindol 15 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Nu-Pindol 15 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Pms-Pindolol 15 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Sandoz Pindolol 15 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Visken 5 mg Tablet 0.61USD tablet Apo-Pindol 10 mg Tablet 0.42USD tablet Gen-Pindolol 10 mg Tablet 0.42USD tablet Novo-Pindol 10 mg Tablet 0.42USD tablet Nu-Pindol 10 mg Tablet 0.42USD tablet Pms-Pindolol 10 mg Tablet 0.42USD tablet Sandoz Pindolol 10 mg Tablet 0.42USD tablet Apo-Pindol 5 mg Tablet 0.24USD tablet Gen-Pindolol 5 mg Tablet 0.24USD tablet Novo-Pindol 5 mg Tablet 0.24USD tablet Nu-Pindol 5 mg Tablet 0.24USD tablet Pms-Pindolol 5 mg Tablet 0.24USD tablet Sandoz Pindolol 5 mg Tablet 0.24USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 171 °C PhysProp water solubility 7880 mg/L Not Available logP 1.75 SANGSTER (1994) Caco2 permeability -4.78 ADME Research, USCD pKa 9.25 SANGSTER (1994) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.861 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.17 ALOGPS logP 1.69 ChemAxon logS -2.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 14.09 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.67 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 57.28 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 ChemAxon Refractivity 71.46 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 28.27 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter Yes ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9951 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.6929 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8867 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6667 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9272 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9423 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8179 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8315 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8919 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.708 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.7809 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.5 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.831 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8331 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9218 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9367 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9843 Rat acute toxicity 2.9438 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9404 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.5774
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (8.77 KB)
- Spectra
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Partial agonist
- General Function
- Receptor signaling protein activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51322.1 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Joseph SS, Lynham JA, Molenaar P, Grace AA, Colledge WH, Kaumann AJ: Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of (-)-pindolol mediated through a (-)-propranolol-resistant site of the beta1-adrenoceptor in human atrium and recombinant receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;368(6):496-503. Epub 2003 Nov 8. [PubMed:14608456]
- Doggrell SA: Effects of (+/-)- (+)- and (-)-metoprolol, (+/-)- (+)- and (-)-pindolol, (+/-)-mepindolol and (+/-)-bopindolol on the rat left atria and portal vein. Gen Pharmacol. 1991;22(6):1169-77. [PubMed:1687398]
- Berendsen HH, Broekkamp CL, Van Delft AM: Antagonism of 8-OH-DPAT-induced behaviour in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Oct 2;187(1):97-103. [PubMed:2148726]
- Watkins DJ, Lawrence AJ, Lewis SJ, Jarrott B: Loss of [125I]-pindolol binding to beta-adrenoceptors on rat nodose ganglion after chronic isoprenaline treatment. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1996 Aug 27;60(1-2):12-6. [PubMed:8884690]
- Brodde OE, Michel MC, Wang XL, Zerkowski HR: Chronic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist treatment modulates human cardiac and vascular beta-adrenoceptor density in a subtype-selective fashion. J Hypertens Suppl. 1988 Dec;6(4):S497-500. [PubMed:2907348]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Partial agonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Rubenstein LA, Zauhar RJ, Lanzara RG: Molecular dynamics of a biophysical model for beta2-adrenergic and G protein-coupled receptor activation. J Mol Graph Model. 2006 Dec;25(4):396-409. Epub 2006 Mar 30. [PubMed:16574446]
- Dejgaard A, Liggett SB, Christensen NJ, Cryer PE, Hilsted J: Adrenergic receptors are a fallible index of adrenergic denervation hypersensitivity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1991 Dec;51(8):659-66. [PubMed:1666931]
- Wheeldon NM, Newnham DM, Fraser GC, McDevitt DG, Lipworth BJ: The effect of pindolol on creatine kinase is not due to beta 2-adrenoceptor partial agonist activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991 Jun;31(6):723-4. [PubMed:1678274]
- Doggrell SA: Effects of (+/-)- (+)- and (-)-metoprolol, (+/-)- (+)- and (-)-pindolol, (+/-)-mepindolol and (+/-)-bopindolol on the rat left atria and portal vein. Gen Pharmacol. 1991;22(6):1169-77. [PubMed:1687398]
- Doggrell SA: Relaxant and beta 2-adrenoceptor blocking activities of (+/- )-, (+)- and (-)-pindolol on the rat isolated aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990 Jun;42(6):444-6. [PubMed:1979630]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers...
- Gene Name
- HTR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P08908
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 46106.335 Da
References
- Smeraldi E, Benedetti F, Barbini B, Campori E, Colombo C: Sustained antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation combined with pindolol in bipolar depression. A placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Apr;20(4):380-5. [PubMed:10088139]
- Haddjeri N, de Montigny C, Blier P: Modulation of the firing activity of rat serotonin and noradrenaline neurons by (+/-)pindolol. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 May 1;45(9):1163-9. [PubMed:10331108]
- Gobert A, Millan MJ: Modulation of dialysate levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin (5-HT) in the frontal cortex of freely-moving rats by (-)-pindolol alone and in association with 5-HT reuptake inhibitors: comparative roles of beta-adrenergic, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT1B receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Aug;21(2):268-84. [PubMed:10432475]
- Andree B, Thorberg SO, Halldin C, Farde L: Pindolol binding to 5-HT1A receptors in the human brain confirmed with positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Jun;144(3):303-5. [PubMed:10435400]
- Fornal CA, Martin FJ, Metzler CW, Jacobs BL: Pindolol suppresses serotonergic neuronal activity and does not block the inhibition of serotonergic neurons produced by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in awake cats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):229-38. [PubMed:10490909]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other/unknown
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive subst...
- Gene Name
- HTR1B
- Uniprot ID
- P28222
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
- Molecular Weight
- 43567.535 Da
References
- Dawson LA, Nguyen HQ: The role of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors on the modulation of acute fluoxetine-induced changes in extracellular 5-HT: the mechanism of action of (+/-)pindolol. Neuropharmacology. 2000 Apr 3;39(6):1044-52. [PubMed:10727715]
- Ariani K, Hamblin MW, Tan GL, Stratford CA, Ciaranello RD: G protein dependent alterations in [125I]iodocyanopindolol and +/- cyanopindolol binding at 5-HT1B binding sites in rat brain membranes. Neurochem Res. 1989 Sep;14(9):835-43. [PubMed:2512511]
- Leonhardt S, Herrick-Davis K, Titeler M: Detection of a novel serotonin receptor subtype (5-HT1E) in human brain: interaction with a GTP-binding protein. J Neurochem. 1989 Aug;53(2):465-71. [PubMed:2664084]
- Herrick-Davis K, Titeler M, Leonhardt S, Struble R, Price D: Serotonin 5-HT1D receptors in human prefrontal cortex and caudate: interaction with a GTP binding protein. J Neurochem. 1988 Dec;51(6):1906-12. [PubMed:3141589]
- Terron JA, Lopez-Munoz FJ, Hong E, Villalon CM: 2-(2-Aminoethyl)-quinoline (D-1997): a novel agonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine1-like receptors in the canine basilar artery. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1994 Jan-Feb;327(1):56-68. [PubMed:7944828]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis.
- Gene Name
- ADRB3
- Uniprot ID
- P13945
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 43518.615 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [PubMed:14730417]
- Feve B, Emorine LJ, Lasnier F, Blin N, Baude B, Nahmias C, Strosberg AD, Pairault J: Atypical beta-adrenergic receptor in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Pharmacological and molecular relationship with the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 25;266(30):20329-36. [PubMed:1682311]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Smith DA, Jones BC: Speculations on the substrate structure-activity relationship (SSAR) of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Dec 1;44(11):2089-98. [PubMed:1472073]
- Ferrari S, Leemann T, Dayer P: The role of lipophilicity in the inhibition of polymorphic cytochrome P450IID6 oxidation by beta-blocking agents in vitro. Life Sci. 1991;48(23):2259-65. [PubMed:1675413]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on October 26, 2020 22:41
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