Galantamine

Identification

Summary

Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to manage mild to moderate dementia associated with Alzheimer's Disease.

Brand Names
Razadyne
Generic Name
Galantamine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00674
Background

Galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid and reversible, competitive inhibitor of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which is a widely studied therapeutic target used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.1 First characterized in the early 1950s, galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid that was extracted from botanical sources, such as Galanthus nivalis.5 Galantamine was first studied in paralytic and neuropathic conditions, such as myopathies and postpolio paralytic conditions, and for reversal of neuromuscular blockade.7,5 Following the discovery of its AChE-inhibiting properties, the cognitive effects of galantamine were studied in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and autism; however, re-development of the drug for Alzheimer’s disease did not commence until the early 1990s due to difficulties in extraction and synthesis.5 Galantamine blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing acetylcholine neurotransmission. It also acts as an allosteric modulator of the nicotinic receptor, giving its dual mechanism of action clinical significance.7

The drug was approved by the FDA in 2001 for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. As Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, galantamine is not known to alter the course of the underlying dementing process. Galantamine works to block the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thereby enhancing cholinergic neuron function and signalling. Under this hypothesized mechanism of action, the therapeutic effects of galantamine may decrease as the disease progression advances and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact.10 It is therefore not considered to be a disease-modifying drug.8 Galantamine is marketed under the brand name Razadyne, and is available as oral immediate- and extended-release tablets and solution.10

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 287.3535
Monoisotopic: 287.152143543
Chemical Formula
C17H21NO3
Synonyms
  • (-)-Galanthamine
  • Galantamina
  • Galantamine
  • Galanthamine
External IDs
  • NSC-100058

Pharmacology

Indication

Galantamine is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.10

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofMild to moderate dementia due to alzheimer's disease•••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••
Management ofMild to moderate dementia due to alzheimer's disease•••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• ••••••••••••
Management ofMild dementia of the alzheimer's type•••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••• ••••••
Management ofModerate dementia of the alzheimer's type•••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••• ••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Galantamine is a competitive and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that works to increase acetylcholine levels.10 Galantamine acts both centrally and peripherally to inhibit both muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing cholinergic tone.5 Galantamine is also a positive allosteric modulator of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.3,5 As dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, galatamine has a negligible effect in altering the course of the underlying process of dementia 10 and may exert its therapeutic effectiveness for a short period of time.8 However, galantamine promoted improvements in cognition, global function, activities of daily living, and behavioural symptoms in clinical studies of Alzheimer’s disease.1,7

Galantamine exhibited therapeutic efficacy in studies of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease.7 In one study, galantamine reversed scopolamine-induced acute anticholinergic syndrome that was characterized by drowsiness, disorientation, and delirium.5

Mechanism of action

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by progressive, irreversible degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons, cognitive impairment, and the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.7,8 The cholinergic system plays a critical role in memory, alongside other important neural functions such as attention, learning, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information. Studies show that acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the modulation of acquisition, encoding, consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction, and retrieval of memory. The gradual loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may, therefore, contribute to the memory loss exhibited by AD patients.8

Acetylcholinesterase is secreted by cholinergic neurons to rapidly hydrolyze ACh at the synaptic cleft to release acetate and choline. Choline is later recycled back into the presynaptic cholinergic neuron via reuptake by the high-affinity choline transporter. There is some evidence demonstrating the potential involvement of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the formation of amyloid fibrils.8 Galantamine competitively and reversibly inhibits the anticholinesterase enzyme in the CNS (namely in the frontal cortex and hippocampal regions) 3 by binding to the choline-binding site and acyl-binding pocket of the enzyme active site.2 By blocking the breakdown of ACh, galantamine enhances ACh levels in the synaptic cleft.8

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the CNS are mostly expressed at the presynaptic neuronal membrane to control the release of multiple neurotransmitters, such as ACh, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine.7,8 Agonists of nAChRs improve performance in cognitive tasks, while antagonists of nAChR impair cognitive processes.8 Some studies show a decrease in the expression and activity of nAChRs in patients with AD, which may explain the reduction in central cholinergic neurotransmission in these patients.3 Galantamine binds to nAChRs at the allosteric site,7,9 leading to a conformational change of the receptor, increased ACh release, and increased activity of neighbouring glutaminergic and serotoninergic neurons.7 The modulation of nAChRs facilitates both excitatory and inhibitory cholinergic transmissions in brain tissues and increases receptor sensitivity. The modulated release of other neurotransmitters by galantamine may also contribute to the upregulation of nAChRs and amelioration of behavioural symptoms in AD.7

TargetActionsOrganism
AAcetylcholinesterase
inhibitor
Humans
ANeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
allosteric modulator
Humans
UMuscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
allosteric modulator
Humans
UCholinesterase
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Over a dose range of 8-32 mg/day, galantamine exhibits a dose-linear pharmacokinetic profile. The oral bioavailability of galantamine ranges from 90-100%. Following oral administration, the Tmax is about 1 hour.10 Following 10 hours of administration, the mean galantamine plasma concentrations were 82–97 µg/L for the 24 mg/day dose and 114–126 µg/L for the 32 mg/day dose.7

Volume of distribution

The mean volume of distribution is 175 L. About 52.7% of galantamine is distributed to blood cells, the blood to plasma concentration ratio of galantamine is 1.2.10 Galantamine penetrates the blood–brain barrier.5

Protein binding

The plasma protein binding of galantamine is 18% at therapeutically relevant concentrations.10

Metabolism

In vitro study findings suggest that about 75% of the drug is metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. CYP2D6 promotes O-demethylation of the drug to form O-desmethyl-galantamine and the CYP3A4-mediated pathway forms the galantamine-N-oxide.7 Important metabolic pathways also include N-demethylation, epimerization, and sulfate conjugation.6 Other metabolites include norgalantamine, O-desmethyl-galantamine, O-desmethyl-norgalantamine, epigalantamine and galantaminone, which do not retain clinically significant pharmacology activities.3

Galantamine can also undergo glucuronidation: in one oral radiolabeled drug study in poor and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, about 14-24% of the total radioactivity was identified as galantamine glucuronide 8 hours post-dose. O-demethylation by CYP2D6 becomes prominent in patients with who are extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6, but unchanged galatamine (39-77%) and its glucuronide metabolite (14-24%) predominated in the plasma of both poor and extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6 in a radiolabelled drug study.10 The total plasma clearance, or nonrenal clearnace, accounts for 20–25% of drug elimination.7

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Route of elimination

Renal clearance accounts for about 20–25% of total plasma clearance of the drug in healthy individuals: the elimination of galantamine has been shown to be decreased in subjects with renal impairment.3 Following oral or intravenous administration, approximately 20% of the dose is excreted as unchanged in the urine within 24 h.7 In a radiolabelled drug study, about 95% and 5% of the total radioactivity was recovered in the urine and feces, respectively. Of the dose recovered in the urine, about 32% was in the unchanged parent compound, and 12% was in the glucuronide form.10

Half-life

Galantamine has a terminal half-life of about 7 hours.10

Clearance

The renal clearance is 65 mL/min and the total plasma clearance is about 300 mL/min.7

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50 of the active ingredient, galantamine hydrobromide, in rats is 75 mg/kg.12 Symptoms of overdose are expected to be similar to those of cholinomimetics, which involve the central nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the neuromuscular junction. Effects of a cholinergic crisis include severe nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal cramping, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, collapse, and convulsions. Muscle weakness or fasciculations may also occur, with respiratory muscle weakness having the potential to bring fatal results. In one patient who consumed an oral daily dose of 32 mg developed bradycardia, QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes accompanied by a brief loss of consciousness. In one patient with a history of hallucinations who consumed a daily dose of 24 mg galantamine, hallucinations requiring hospitalization occurred. A patient who ingested 160 mg of galantamine from an oral solution developed sweating, vomiting, bradycardia, and near-syncope one hour following consumption.10

As in any case of overdose, general supportive measures should be initiated. Tertiary anticholinergics such as intravenous atropine may be used to reverse the cholinergic effects of galantamine. The recommended initial dose of atropine intravenously administered for galantamine overdose ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 mg. It is not known whether galantamine can be removed by dialysis.10

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetails
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*3Not AvailableC alleleEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*4Not AvailableC alleleEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*5Not AvailableWhole-gene deletionEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*6Not Available1707delTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*7Not Available2935A>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*8Not Available1758G>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*11Not Available883G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*12Not Available124G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*13Not AvailableCYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structureEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*14ANot Available1758G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*15Not Available137insT, 137_138insTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*19Not Available2539_2542delAACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*20Not Available1973_1974insGEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*21Not Available2573insCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*31Not Available-1770G>A / -1584C>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*36Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*38Not Available2587_2590delGACTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*40Not Available1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*42Not Available3259_3260insGTEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*44Not Available2950G>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*47Not Available100C>T / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*51Not Available-1584C>G / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*56Not Available3201C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*57Not Available100C>T / 310G>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*62Not Available4044C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68ANot Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*68BNot AvailableSimilar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4.Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*69Not Available2988G>A / -1426C>T  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*92Not Available1995delCEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*100Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 2D6CYP2D6*101Not Available-1426C>T / -1235A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 3A4CYP3A4*20Not Available1461_1462insAEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details
Cytochrome P450 3A4CYP3A4*26Not Available802C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer.Details

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Galantamine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Galantamine can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Galantamine can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AcebutololGalantamine may increase the bradycardic activities of Acebutolol.
AcetaminophenThe metabolism of Galantamine can be decreased when combined with Acetaminophen.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food. Food delays the rate of absorption but not the extent.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Galantamine hydrobromideMJ4PTD2VVW1953-04-4QORVDGQLPPAFRS-XPSHAMGMSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Lycoremine / Nivalin / Reminyl
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Galantamine ERCapsule, extended release8 mgOralSanis Health Inc2016-01-11Not applicableCanada flag
Galantamine ERCapsule, extended release8 mgOralPro Doc Limitee2013-12-032023-07-10Canada flag
Galantamine ERCapsule, extended release24 mgOralSanis Health Inc2016-01-11Not applicableCanada flag
Galantamine ERCapsule, extended release24 mgOralPro Doc Limitee2013-12-032023-07-10Canada flag
Galantamine ERCapsule, extended release16 mgOralSanis Health Inc2016-01-11Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-galantamineTablet12 mgOralApotex CorporationNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Apo-galantamineTablet8 mgOralApotex CorporationNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Apo-galantamineTablet4 mgOralApotex CorporationNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Auro-galantamine ERCapsule, extended release8 mgOralAuro Pharma Inc2014-06-12Not applicableCanada flag
Auro-galantamine ERCapsule, extended release24 mgOralAuro Pharma Inc2014-06-12Not applicableCanada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
GALNORA 8MG + 16MG HKP RETGalantamine hydrobromide (8 mg) + Galantamine hydrobromide (16 mg)Capsule, extended releaseOral2015-04-01Not applicableGermany flag
GALNORA 8MG + 16MG HKP RETGalantamine hydrobromide (8 mg) + Galantamine hydrobromide (16 mg)Capsule, extended releaseOral2015-04-01Not applicableGermany flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N06DA04 — Galantamine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as galanthamine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids. These are amaryllidaceae alkaloids with a structure characterized a tetracyclic skeleton with two ortho aromatic protons in ring A.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Alkaloids and derivatives
Class
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Sub Class
Galanthamine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Direct Parent
Galanthamine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Alternative Parents
Benzazepines / Coumarans / Anisoles / Azepines / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Trialkylamines / Secondary alcohols / Oxacyclic compounds / Azacyclic compounds
show 2 more
Substituents
Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Anisole / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azepine / Benzazepine / Benzenoid
show 14 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tertiary amino compound, organic heterotetracyclic compound, benzazepine alkaloid, benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent (CHEBI:42944) / Isoquinoline alkaloids (C08526)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
0D3Q044KCA
CAS number
357-70-0
InChI Key
ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H21NO3/c1-18-8-7-17-6-5-12(19)9-14(17)21-16-13(20-2)4-3-11(10-18)15(16)17/h3-6,12,14,19H,7-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,14-,17-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(1S,12S,14R)-9-methoxy-4-methyl-11-oxa-4-azatetracyclo[8.6.1.0^{1,12}.0^{6,17}]heptadeca-6(17),7,9,15-tetraen-14-ol
SMILES
[H][C@]12C[C@@H](O)C=C[C@]11CCN(C)CC3=C1C(O2)=C(OC)C=C3

References

Synthesis Reference

Vijaya Bolugoddu, Sanjay Shukla, Mukunda Jambula, Rajeshwar Sagyam, Ramchandra Pingili, Ananda Thirunavakarasu, "Preparation of (-)-galantamine hydrobromide." U.S. Patent US20060009640, issued January 12, 2006.

US20060009640
General References
  1. Scott LJ, Goa KL: Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease. Drugs. 2000 Nov;60(5):1095-122. [Article]
  2. Greenblatt HM, Kryger G, Lewis T, Silman I, Sussman JL: Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3 A resolution. FEBS Lett. 1999 Dec 17;463(3):321-6. [Article]
  3. Lilienfeld S: Galantamine--a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Summer;8(2):159-76. [Article]
  4. Olin J, Schneider L: Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD001747. [Article]
  5. Mucke HA: The case of galantamine: repurposing and late blooming of a cholinergic drug. Future Sci OA. 2015 Sep 3;1(4):FSO73. doi: 10.4155/fso.15.73. eCollection 2015 Nov. [Article]
  6. Mannens GS, Snel CA, Hendrickx J, Verhaeghe T, Le Jeune L, Bode W, van Beijsterveldt L, Lavrijsen K, Leempoels J, Van Osselaer N, Van Peer A, Meuldermans W: The metabolism and excretion of galantamine in rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 May;30(5):553-63. doi: 10.1124/dmd.30.5.553. [Article]
  7. Farlow MR: Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(15):1383-92. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200342150-00005. [Article]
  8. Ferreira-Vieira TH, Guimaraes IM, Silva FR, Ribeiro FM: Alzheimer's disease: Targeting the Cholinergic System. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(1):101-15. doi: 10.2174/1570159x13666150716165726. [Article]
  9. Akk G, Steinbach JH: Galantamine activates muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without binding to the acetylcholine-binding site. J Neurosci. 2005 Feb 23;25(8):1992-2001. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4985-04.2005. [Article]
  10. FDA Approved Drug Products: RAZADYNE (galantamine hydrobromide), for oral use [Link]
  11. DailyMed Label: RAZADYNE - galantamine hydrobromide CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE RAZADYNE - galantamine hydrobromide TABLET, FILM COATED [Link]
  12. Fisher Scientific: Galantamine hydrobromide MSDS [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014812
KEGG Drug
D04292
KEGG Compound
C08526
PubChem Compound
9651
PubChem Substance
46505659
ChemSpider
9272
BindingDB
10404
RxNav
4637
ChEBI
42944
ChEMBL
CHEMBL659
ZINC
ZINC000000491073
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000559
PharmGKB
PA449726
PDBe Ligand
GNT
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Galantamine
PDB Entries
1dx6 / 1qti / 1w6r / 1w76 / 2ph9 / 4ey6
FDA label
Download (278 KB)
MSDS
Download (28.4 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableAlzheimer's Disease (AD)2somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableAlzheimer's Disease (AD) / Dementia / Galantamine1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableAlzheimer's Disease (AD) / Dementia / Vascular Dementia (VaD)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableBiomarkers, Pharmacological1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableDementia With Lewy Body Disease1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Impax laboratories inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceutical inc
  • Actavis elizabeth llc
  • Beijing yabao biopharmaceutical co ltd
  • Dr reddys laboratories ltd
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
Packagers
  • Alphapharm Party Ltd.
  • Barr Pharmaceuticals
  • Cardinal Health
  • DispenseXpress Inc.
  • Doctor Reddys Laboratories Ltd.
  • Global Pharmaceuticals
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Impax Laboratories Inc.
  • Janssen-Ortho Inc.
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mylan
  • Ortho Mcneil Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Patriot Pharmaceuticals
  • Physician Partners Ltd.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Roxane Labs
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • UDL Laboratories
  • Vangard Labs Inc.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, effervescent
TabletOral12 mg/1
TabletOral4 mg/1
TabletOral8 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral12 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral4 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral8 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral24 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral8 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral8 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral
CapsuleOral16.000 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral24 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral16 mg/1
SolutionOral4 mg/1mL
Capsule, extended releaseOral8 MG/16MG
SolutionOral4 mg/ml
SolutionOral512.400 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral12 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral8 MG
TabletOral12 mg
TabletOral4 mg
TabletOral8 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral4 MG
CapsuleOral10.250 mg
Capsule, coated, extended releaseOral16 MG
Capsule, extended releaseOral16 mg
Capsule, coated, extended releaseOral24 MG
Capsule, coated, extended releaseOral8 MG
Capsule, coated pelletsOral16 mg
Capsule, coated pelletsOral24 mg
Capsule, coated pelletsOral8 mg
SolutionOral400 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Galantamine Hydrobromide 30 16 mg 24 Hour Capsule Bottle198.58USD bottle
Galantamine Hydrobromide 30 8 mg 24 Hour Capsule Bottle198.58USD bottle
Razadyne 12 mg tablet8.3USD tablet
Razadyne 4 mg tablet5.36USD tablet
Razadyne 8 mg tablet3.66USD tablet
Galantamine hbr 12 mg tablet3.18USD tablet
Galantamine hbr 4 mg tablet3.18USD tablet
Galantamine hbr 8 mg tablet3.18USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
CA2358062No2006-12-192019-12-20Canada flag
CA2310926No2001-11-202017-06-06Canada flag
US6358527No2002-03-192017-06-06US flag
US6099863No2000-08-082017-06-06US flag
US7160559No2007-01-092019-12-20US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP1.16Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.81Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.58Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area41.93 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity82.3 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability31.5 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9959
Caco-2 permeable+0.8259
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8976
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.6069
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9443
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.5728
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8072
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8919
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7408
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5414
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8301
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8832
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9439
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.7995
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9055
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.7790 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8023
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7424
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-010u-2090000000-ce0fee33e6fee456fb64
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-000l-5980000000-928ad889466b6a2b3827
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0390000000-f4f443a7f842d92dec39
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0090000000-ec2556df58f7e32193b9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0090000000-605cb4eb4835db5d100e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052r-0090000000-60cbcbcac57d621b8b9d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0090000000-ab1abb412b298a2950f5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05g3-8090000000-d4e4bb409c9397b6aad5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01b9-1090000000-56115f18326d4787699f
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-177.0043821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-177.0595821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-176.9950821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-168.11557
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+177.3969821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+176.8565821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+177.1200821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+170.47357
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+176.9041821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+176.7805821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+176.9176821
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+177.44682
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Details
1. Acetylcholinesterase
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Hydrolyzes rapidly the acetylcholine neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft allowing to terminate the signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction. Role in neuronal apoptosis
Specific Function
acetylcholine binding
Gene Name
ACHE
Uniprot ID
P22303
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholinesterase
Molecular Weight
67795.525 Da
References
  1. Tonkopii VD, Prozorovskii VB, Suslova IM: [Interaction of reversible inhibitors with the catalytic centers and allosteric sites of cholinesterases]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1976 Aug;82(8):947-50. [Article]
  2. Greenblatt HM, Kryger G, Lewis T, Silman I, Sussman JL: Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3 A resolution. FEBS Lett. 1999 Dec 17;463(3):321-6. [Article]
  3. Guillou C, Mary A, Renko DZ, Gras E, Thal C: Potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of alkylene linked bis-galanthamine and galanthamine-galanthaminium salts. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000 Apr 3;10(7):637-9. [Article]
  4. Lilienfeld S: Galantamine--a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Summer;8(2):159-76. [Article]
  5. Lilienfeld S, Parys W: Galantamine: additional benefits to patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000 Sep;11 Suppl 1:19-27. [Article]
  6. Woodruff-Pak DS, Vogel RW 3rd, Wenk GL: Galantamine: effect on nicotinic receptor binding, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):2089-94. Epub 2001 Feb 6. [Article]
  7. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Allosteric modulator
Curator comments
Galantamine binding site is different from the ACh binding site.
General Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The channel is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin
Specific Function
acetylcholine binding
Gene Name
CHRNA7
Uniprot ID
P36544
Uniprot Name
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
Molecular Weight
56448.925 Da
References
  1. Lilienfeld S, Parys W: Galantamine: additional benefits to patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000 Sep;11 Suppl 1:19-27. [Article]
  2. Woodruff-Pak DS, Lander C, Geerts H: Nicotinic cholinergic modulation: galantamine as a prototype. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Winter;8(4):405-26. [Article]
  3. Lilienfeld S: Galantamine--a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Summer;8(2):159-76. [Article]
  4. Ludwig J, Hoffle-Maas A, Samochocki M, Luttmann E, Albuquerque EX, Fels G, Maelicke A: Localization by site-directed mutagenesis of a galantamine binding site on alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor extracellular domain. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2010 Dec;30(6):469-83. doi: 10.3109/10799893.2010.505239. Epub 2010 Nov 9. [Article]
  5. Woodruff-Pak DS, Vogel RW 3rd, Wenk GL: Galantamine: effect on nicotinic receptor binding, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):2089-94. Epub 2001 Feb 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Allosteric modulator
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
A9X444
Uniprot Name
Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Molecular Weight
10252.8 Da
References
  1. Akk G, Steinbach JH: Galantamine activates muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without binding to the acetylcholine-binding site. J Neurosci. 2005 Feb 23;25(8):1992-2001. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4985-04.2005. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
Curator comments
The IC50 value is 18.6 umol/L (Lilienfeld, 2002).
General Function
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters
Specific Function
acetylcholinesterase activity
Gene Name
BCHE
Uniprot ID
P06276
Uniprot Name
Cholinesterase
Molecular Weight
68417.575 Da
References
  1. Svoboda Z, Kvetina J, Kunesova G, Herink J, Bajgar J, Bartosova L, Zivny P, Palicka V: Effect of galantamine on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in the presence of L-carnitine in rat selected brain and peripheral tissues. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006 Dec;27 Suppl 2:183-6. [Article]
  2. Giacobini E: Selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase: a valid alternative for therapy of Alzheimer's disease? Drugs Aging. 2001;18(12):891-8. [Article]
  3. Wilkinson DG: Galantamine: a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2001 Nov;1(2):153-9. doi: 10.1586/14737175.1.2.153. [Article]
  4. Lilienfeld S: Galantamine--a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Summer;8(2):159-76. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Jann MW, Shirley KL, Small GW: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(10):719-39. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241100-00003. [Article]
  2. Farlow MR: Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(15):1383-92. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200342150-00005. [Article]
  3. Lilienfeld S: Galantamine--a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Summer;8(2):159-76. [Article]
  4. Piotrovsky V, Van Peer A, Van Osselaer N, Armstrong M, Aerssens J: Galantamine population pharmacokinetics in patients with Alzheimer's disease: modeling and simulations. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 May;43(5):514-23. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
Specific Function
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Jann MW, Shirley KL, Small GW: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(10):719-39. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241100-00003. [Article]
  2. Farlow MR: Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(15):1383-92. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200342150-00005. [Article]
  3. Lilienfeld S: Galantamine--a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 2002 Summer;8(2):159-76. [Article]
  4. Piotrovsky V, Van Peer A, Van Osselaer N, Armstrong M, Aerssens J: Galantamine population pharmacokinetics in patients with Alzheimer's disease: modeling and simulations. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 May;43(5):514-23. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
Specific Function
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Namanja HA, Emmert D, Pires MM, Hrycyna CA, Chmielewski J: Inhibition of human P-glycoprotein transport and substrate binding using a galantamine dimer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Oct 30;388(4):672-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.056. Epub 2009 Aug 14. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 04, 2024 01:14