Omega-3 fatty acids

Identification

Summary

Omega-3 fatty acids is an ingredient found in a variety of supplements and vitamins.

Brand Names

Animi-3 With Vitamin D, Vitafol-one

Generic Name

Omega-3 fatty acids

DrugBank Accession Number

DB11133

Background

Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a double bond at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. The three types of omega-3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA) (found in plant oils), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (both commonly found in fish oil that originally come from microalgae that is further consumed by phytoplankton, a source of diet for fish). Omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in metabolism and cellular function and they are available as daily supplements. On September 8, 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave "qualified health claim" status to EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids. Therapeutic products containing omega-3 fatty acid and its derivatives for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia include Lovaza, Omtryg, Epanova, and Vascepa.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Nutraceutical

Synonyms

n-3 fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega-3
Omega-3 acid
Omega-3 acid triglycerides
Omega-3 fatty acid
Omega-3 phospholipids
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Omega-3 polyunsaturates
Omega-3-acid triglycerides
Phospholipids
ω-3 fatty acids

External IDs

NDI 441

Pharmacology

Indication

Provided as daily supplements. Aa preparation of omega-3-acid ethyl esters is licensed in UK for prevention of recurrent events after myocardial infarction in addition to treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia.

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Associated Therapies

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Omega-3 fatty acids are triglycerides that get broken down into smaller fatty acid units. They act to reduce plasma triglyceride levels however increase the cholesterol levels and are thought to possess potent antiarrythmic effects. Polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid mediate important cellular function such as inhibition of platelet function, prolongation of bleeding time, anti-inflammatory effects and reduction of plasma fibrinogen. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are components of the phospholipids that form the structures of the cell membranes and also serve as energy source. They form eicosanoids which are important signalling molecules with wide-ranging functions in the body's cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and endocrine systems. DHA tends to exist in high concentrations in the retina, brain (via uptake by Mfsd2a as a transporter), and sperm.

Mechanism of action

Omega-3 fatty acids mediate anti-inflammatory effects and increased levels of EPA or DHA has shown to decrease the levels of PGE2 and 4 series-LT. Eicosapentaenoic acids compete with constitutive levels of arachidonic acid in cell membranes for the same desaturation enzymes and produce 3-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes, and 5-series leukotrienes which have low pro-inflammatory potential. The alteration in leukotriene biosynthesis due to higher concentration of omega-3 fatty acids compared to arachidonic acid underlies the anti-inflammatory effects. EPA and DHA also give rise to resolvins and related lipid signalling molecules such as protectins via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, which have anti-inflammatory effects. They inhibit transendothelial migration of neutrophils and inhibit TNF and IL-1β production. Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease adhesion molecule expression on leukocytes and on endothelial cells and decrease intercellular adhesive interactions. Omega-3 (or n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites are natural ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma that regulates inflammatory gene expression and NFκB activation. PPAR alpha activation is also associated with induction of COX-2 expression. The role of EPA and DHA in reducing triglyceride levels include inhibition of acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase, increased mitochondrial and peroxisomal-beta-oxidation in the liver, decreased lipogenesis in the liver, and increased plasma lipoprotein lipase activity. They also may reduce triglyceride synthesis because they are poor substrates for the enzymes responsible for TG synthesis, and EPA and DHA inhibit esterification of other fatty acids.

Target	Actions	Organism
APeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	ligand	Humans
UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	activator	Humans
USterol regulatory element-binding protein 1	inhibitor	Humans

Absorption

After ingestion, dietary lipids are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen. The hydrolysis products—monoglycerides and free fatty acids—are then incorporated into bile-salt– containing micelles and absorbed into enterocytes, largely by passive diffusion. The absorption rate is about 95%. Within intestinal cells, free fatty acids are primarily incorporated into chylomicrons and enter the circulation via the lymphatic system where they are delivered to various tissues for metabolism, oxidation and storage.

Volume of distribution

Vd of EPA is aproximately 82L

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

ALA, DHA and EPA are metabolized and oxidized in the liver, which is the site of biosynthesis of n-3 fatty acid intermediates, synthesizing VLDL that transport fatty acids in the plasma to tissues. Major enzymes that generate lipid signalling molecules from EPA, DHA and ALA are lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Approximate half-life values in a compartmental study of ALA, EPA and DHA are 1h, 39-67h and 20h, respectively ^8,10.

Clearance

Clearance of EPA is approximately 757mL/h ⁹.

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Some adverse effects experienced in patients include gastrointestinal disturbances such as vomiting and constipation, metabolic disorders and skin reactions.

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Abciximab	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the antiplatelet activities of Abciximab.
Acenocoumarol	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol.
Acetylsalicylic acid	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the antiplatelet activities of Acetylsalicylic acid.
Alteplase	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Alteplase.
Anagrelide	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the antiplatelet activities of Anagrelide.
Ancrod	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Ancrod.
Anistreplase	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Anistreplase.
Antithrombin Alfa	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Antithrombin Alfa.
Antithrombin III human	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Antithrombin III human.
Apixaban	Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the anticoagulant activities of Apixaban.

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Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Doconexent	unknown	ZAD9OKH9JC	6217-54-5	MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N

Product Images

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
ESSIVER	Omega-3 fatty acids (175 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (3 mcg) + Nicotinamide (15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3 mg) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg) + Vitamin E (3.3 mg)	Capsule		บริษัท ฟาร์มาแลนด์ (1982) จำกัด	2008-03-24	Not applicable
Lipidem 20%, Emulsion for infusion	Omega-3 fatty acids (20 g/L) + Medium-chain triglycerides (100 g/L) + Soybean oil (80 g/L)	Injection, emulsion	Intravenous drip	B.BRAUN MEDICAL INDUSTRIES SDN BHD	2020-09-08	Not applicable
LIPOMEGA® 20	Omega-3 fatty acids (840 mg) + Atorvastatin (20 mg)	Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	PROCAPS S.A.	2015-06-23	Not applicable
NUTRAGESTA ®	Omega-3 fatty acids (555.56 mg) + Calcium carbonate (300 mg) + Cholecalciferol (0.44 mg) + Cobaltous sulfate heptahydrate (0.24 mg) + Cupric sulfate (2.517 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (1.15 mg) + Folic acid (1 mg) + Iron (95.4762 mg) + Magnesium sulfate (71 mg) + Manganese sulfate (3.1 mg) + Nicotinamide (8.189 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (17.5 mg) + Potassium sulfate (18 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (1.05 mg) + Riboflavin (2.2 mg) + Sodium ascorbate (47.2879 mg) + Sodium fluoride (0.2 mg) + Sodium molybdate (0.1107 mg) + Thiamine (2.5 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (3.3 mg) + Vitamin E (10.5 mg) + Zinc oxide (0.25 mg)	Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	PROCAPS S.A.	2017-08-23	Not applicable
NUTRIFLEX ®OMEGA SPECIAL	Omega-3 fatty acids (4 g) + Alanine (6.792 g) + Arginine (3.78 g) + Aspartic acid (2.1 g) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.623 g) + D-glucose monohydrate (144 g) + Glutamic acid (4.908 g) + Glycine (2.312 g) + Histidine (1.75 g) + Isoleucine (3.284 g) + Leucine (4.384 g) + Lysine (3.184 g) + Magnesium acetate (0.91 g) + Medium-chain triglycerides (20 g) + Phenylalanine (4.916 g) + Potassium acetate (3.689 g) + Proline (4.76 g) + Racemethionine (2.736 g) + Serine (4.2 g) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (0.25 g) + Sodium chloride (0.378 g) + Sodium hydroxide (1.171 g) + Sodium phosphate, monobasic, dihydrate (2.496 g) + Soybean oil (16 g) + Threonine (2.54 g) + Tryptophan (0.8 g) + Valine (3.604 g) + Zinc acetate dihydrate (7.024 mg)	Emulsion	Intravenous	B. BRAUN MEDICAL S.A.	2011-07-07	Not applicable
NuTRIflex Omega plus Emulsion for Infusion	Omega-3 fatty acids (5 g/1250ml) + Alanine (5.82 g/1250ml) + Arginine (3.24 g/1250ml) + Aspartic acid (1.8 g/1250ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.588 g/1250ml) + D-glucose monohydrate (165 g/1250ml) + Glutamic acid (4.21 g/1250ml) + Glycine (1.98 g/1250ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1250ml) + Isoleucine (2.82 g/1250ml) + Leucine (3.76 g/1250ml) + Lysine hydrochloride (3.41 g/1250ml) + Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (0.858 g/1250ml) + Medium-chain triglycerides (25 g/1250ml) + Methionine (2.35 g/1250ml) + Phenylalanine (4.21 g/1250ml) + Potassium acetate (3.434 g/1250ml) + Proline (4.08 g/1250ml) + Serine (3.6 g/1250ml) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (0.277 g/1250ml) + Sodium chloride (0.503 g/1250ml) + Sodium hydroxide (0.976 g/1250ml) + Sodium phosphate, monobasic, dihydrate (2.34 g/1250ml) + Soybean oil (20 g/1250ml) + Threonine (2.18 g/1250ml) + Tryptophan (0.68 g/1250ml) + Valine (3.12 g/1250ml) + Zinc acetate dihydrate (6.58 mg/1250ml)	Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	B.BRAUN MEDICAL INDUSTRIES SDN BHD	2020-09-08	Not applicable
NuTRIflex Omega special Emulsion for Infusion	Omega-3 fatty acids (2.5 g/625ml) + Alanine (4.25 g/625ml) + Arginine (2.37 g/625ml) + Aspartic acid (1.32 g/625ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.39 g/625ml) + D-glucose monohydrate (99 g/625ml) + Glutamic acid (3.07 g/625ml) + Glycine (1.45 g/625ml) + Histidine (1.1 g/625ml) + Isoleucine (2.06 g/625ml) + Leucine (2.74 g/625ml) + Lysine hydrochloride (2.49 g/625ml) + Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (0.569 g/625ml) + Medium-chain triglycerides (12.5 g/625ml) + Methionine (1.71 g/625ml) + Phenylalanine (3.08 g/625ml) + Potassium acetate (2.306 g/625ml) + Proline (2.98 g/625ml) + Serine (2.63 g/625ml) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (0.157 g/625ml) + Sodium chloride (0.237 g/625ml) + Sodium hydroxide (0.732 g/625ml) + Sodium phosphate, monobasic, dihydrate (1.56 g/625ml) + Soybean oil (10 g/625ml) + Threonine (1.59 g/625ml) + Tryptophan (0.5 g/625ml) + Valine (2.26 g/625ml) + Zinc acetate dihydrate (4.39 mg/625ml)	Injection, emulsion	Intravenous	B.BRAUN MEDICAL INDUSTRIES SDN BHD	2020-09-08	Not applicable
Smoflipid 20%	Omega-3 fatty acids (3 g/100mL) + Medium-chain triglycerides (6 g/100mL) + Olive oil (5 g/100mL) + Soybean oil (6 g/100mL)	Emulsion	Intravenous	Fresenius Kabi	2013-05-08	Not applicable
VIPLENA CÁPSULASBLANDAS	Omega-3 fatty acids (555.56 mg) + Calcium carbonate (300 mg) + Cholecalciferol (0.44 mg) + Cobaltous sulfate heptahydrate (0.24 mg) + Cupric sulfate (2.517 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (1.15 mcg) + Folic acid (1 mg) + Iron (95.4762 mg) + Magnesium sulfate (71 mg) + Manganese (3.1 mg) + Nicotinamide (8.189 mg) + Pantothenic acid (17.5 mg) + Potassium sulfate (18 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (1.05 mg) + Riboflavin (2.2 mg) + Sodium ascorbate (47.7928 mg) + Sodium fluoride (0.2 mg) + Sodium molybdate (0.1107 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.5 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (3.3 mg) + Vitamin E (10.5 mg) + Zinc oxide (0.25 mg)	Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	PROCAPS S.A.	2010-10-26	2018-09-20
ลิโวลิน ฟอร์ด	Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (10 mcg) + Nicotinamide (30 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (10 mg) + Riboflavin (6 mg) + Thiamine mononitrate (10 mg) + Vitamin E (10 mg)	Capsule		บริษัท เมก้า ไลฟ์ไซแอ็นซ์ จำกัด (มหาชน)	1993-09-11	Not applicable

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Animi-3	Omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (500 ug/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (35 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Soy sterol (200 mg/1)	Capsule	Oral	Pbm Pharmaceuticals Inc.	2011-06-01	Not applicable
Animi-3 with Vitamin D	Omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (500 ug/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (35 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Soy sterol (200 mg/1)	Capsule	Oral	Pbm Pharmaceuticals Inc.	2011-06-01	Not applicable
Bal-Care DHA	Omega-3 fatty acids (430 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals	2012-05-01	Not applicable
Bal-Care DHA Essential	Omega-3 fatty acids (374 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals	2012-05-01	Not applicable
BumP DHA	Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Cobamamide (500 mg/1) + Flavin adenine dinucleotide (1 mg/1) + Flavin mononucleotide (2 mg/1) + Iron (15 mg/1) + Leucovorin (1 mg/1) + Levomefolate magnesium (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (125 mg/1) + NADH (25 ug/1) + Potassium Iodide (250 ug/1) + Pyridoxal phosphate (5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Zinc glycinate (15 1/1)	Capsule	Oral	Centurion Labs	2017-03-24	2017-04-17
C-Nate DHA	Omega-3 fatty acids (200 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (15 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (30 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)	Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral	Centurion Labs, LLC	2013-01-01	Not applicable
Cavan Alpha	Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-07-01	2013-09-30
Cavan-EC SOD DHA	Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (26 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2010-08-24	2013-01-15
Cavan-EC SOD DHA	Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 mg/1) + Zinc (26 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-01-10	2014-07-15
Duet DHA	Omega-3 fatty acids (400 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2825 [iU]/1) + Calcium carbonate (200 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Iron (25 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (45 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Wh Nutritionals, Llc	2011-09-09	2014-03-31

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: 71M78END5S
CAS number: 329042-31-1
InChI Key: Not Available
InChI: Not Available
IUPAC Name: Not Available
SMILES: Not Available

References

General References

Calder PC: Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):355-74. doi: 10.3390/nu2030355. Epub 2010 Mar 18. [Article]
Mahaffey KR, Sunderland EM, Chan HM, Choi AL, Grandjean P, Marien K, Oken E, Sakamoto M, Schoeny R, Weihe P, Yan CH, Yasutake A: Balancing the benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risks of methylmercury exposure from fish consumption. Nutr Rev. 2011 Sep;69(9):493-508. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00415.x. [Article]
Ito MK: A Comparative Overview of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acid Products. P T. 2015 Dec;40(12):826-57. [Article]
Forbes SC, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Poulin MJ, Hogan DB: Effect of Nutrients, Dietary Supplements and Vitamins on Cognition: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Can Geriatr J. 2015 Dec 23;18(4):231-45. doi: 10.5770/cgj.18.189. eCollection 2015 Dec. [Article]
Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, Watzke S, Langer G, Fink A: Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 11;4:CD009002. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3. [Article]
Marsen TA, Pollok M, Oette K, Baldamus CA: Pharmacokinetics of omega-3-fatty acids during ingestion of fish oil preparations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992 Jul;46(3):191-6. [Article]
Dobson EP, Barrow CJ, Kralovec JA, Adcock JL: Controlled formation of mono- and dihydroxy-resolvins from EPA and DHA using soybean 15-lipoxygenase. J Lipid Res. 2013 May;54(5):1439-47. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M036186. Epub 2013 Mar 7. [Article]
Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Novotny JA, Salem N Jr: Physiological compartmental analysis of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans. J Lipid Res. 2001 Aug;42(8):1257-65. [Article]
Braeckman RA, Stirtan WG, Soni PN: Pharmacokinetics of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Plasma and Red Blood Cells After Multiple Oral Dosing With Icosapent Ethyl in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2014 Mar;3(2):101-108. Epub 2013 Oct 22. [Article]
Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Salem N Jr: Compartmental analyses of plasma n-3 essential fatty acids among male and female smokers and nonsmokers. J Lipid Res. 2007 Apr;48(4):935-43. Epub 2007 Jan 17. [Article]
Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, Wong P, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Zhang X, Wenk MR, Goh EL, Silver DL: Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Nature. 2014 May 22;509(7501):503-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13241. Epub 2014 May 14. [Article]
Chene G, Dubourdeau M, Balard P, Escoubet-Lozach L, Orfila C, Berry A, Bernad J, Aries MF, Charveron M, Pipy B: n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce the expression of COX-2 via PPARgamma activation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 May;1771(5):576-89. Epub 2007 Mar 16. [Article]
23. (2012). In Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed., pp. 291-2). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals [Link]
Lovaza FDA Label [Link]

External Links

PubChem Substance: 347911131
RxNav: 4301
Wikipedia: Omega-3_fatty_acid

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Prevention	Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Prevention	Ultra High Risk for Psychosis	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Esophagus, Barrett / Obesity (Disorder)	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Cirrhosis of the Liver / Liver Cancer	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Health	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Malignant Neoplasm of Colon	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Prodrome / Schizophrenia	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Septic / Severe Sepsis	1
4	Completed	Supportive Care	Gastric Resection / Malnutrition	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) / Dyslipidemia / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections / Hypertriglyceridemias	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Capsule, delayed release	Oral	1000 mg
Injection, powder, for solution
Capsule	Oral
Capsule, delayed release	Oral	1200 mg
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	1200 mg
Capsule	Oral
Suspension	Endotracheal	105 mg
Suspension	Endotracheal	210 mg
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous drip
Emulsion	Parenteral
Liquid	Oral
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous
Capsule	Oral	1000 MG
Tablet, coated	Oral
Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral
Kit	Oral
Pill	Oral
Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral
Emulsion	Intravenous
Capsule, coated	Oral
Capsule	Oral	1000 g
Emulsion	Oral
Tablet, chewable	Oral
Capsule

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State: Not Available
Experimental Properties: Not Available
Predicted Properties: Not Available
Predicted ADMET Features: Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST): Not Available
Spectra: Not Available

Targets

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Details1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Ligand

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
Gene Name: PPARG
Uniprot ID: P37231
Uniprot Name: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Molecular Weight: 57619.58 Da

References

Varga T, Czimmerer Z, Nagy L: PPARs are a unique set of fatty acid regulated transcription factors controlling both lipid metabolism and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Aug;1812(8):1007-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.014. Epub 2011 Mar 5. [Article]
Edwards IJ, O'Flaherty JT: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and PPARgamma in Cancer. PPAR Res. 2008;2008:358052. doi: 10.1155/2008/358052. [Article]

Details2. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Activator

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleyleth...
Gene Name: PPARA
Uniprot ID: Q07869
Uniprot Name: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
Molecular Weight: 52224.595 Da

References

Rudkowska I, Garenc C, Couture P, Vohl MC: Omega-3 fatty acids regulate gene expression levels differently in subjects carrying the PPARalpha L162V polymorphism. Genes Nutr. 2009 Sep;4(3):199-205. doi: 10.1007/s12263-009-0129-2. Epub 2009 Jul 8. [Article]
Liu M, Montgomery MK, Fiveash CE, Osborne B, Cooney GJ, Bell-Anderson K, Turner N: PPARalpha-independent actions of omega-3 PUFAs contribute to their beneficial effects on adiposity and glucose homeostasis. Sci Rep. 2014 Jul 2;4:5538. doi: 10.1038/srep05538. [Article]

Details3. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
Specific Function: Transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis. Regulates transcription of the LDL receptor gene as well as the fatty acid and to a lesser degree the cholesterol synthesis pathway (By sim...
Gene Name: SREBF1
Uniprot ID: P36956
Uniprot Name: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
Molecular Weight: 121673.6 Da

References

Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C: Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty acids. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:539426. doi: 10.1155/2012/539426. Epub 2012 Apr 5. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function: Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and...
Gene Name: PTGS2
Uniprot ID: P35354
Uniprot Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Molecular Weight: 68995.625 Da

References

Vecchio AJ, Simmons DM, Malkowski MG: Structural basis of fatty acid substrate binding to cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 16;285(29):22152-63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.119867. Epub 2010 May 12. [Article]

Details2. Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Iron ion binding
Specific Function: Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.
Gene Name: ALOX5
Uniprot ID: P09917
Uniprot Name: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
Molecular Weight: 77982.595 Da

References

Calder PC: Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):355-74. doi: 10.3390/nu2030355. Epub 2010 Mar 18. [Article]

Drug created on December 03, 2015 16:51 / Updated on February 13, 2021 10:52

Omega-3 fatty acids

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