Encorafenib

Identification

Summary

Encorafenib is a kinase inhibitor used to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma with specific mutations.

Brand Names
Braftovi
Generic Name
Encorafenib
DrugBank Accession Number
DB11718
Background

Encorafenib, also known as BRAFTOVI, is a kinase inhibitor. Encorafenib inhibits BRAF gene, which encodes for B-raf protein, which is a proto-oncogene involved in various genetic mutations.8 This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which impacts cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most frequently the V600E mutation, are the most commonly identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been isolated in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of the lung 6.

On June 27, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved encorafenib and binimetinib (BRAFTOVI and MEKTOVI, Array BioPharma Inc.) in combination for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test.8

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 540.01
Monoisotopic: 539.1517794
Chemical Formula
C22H27ClFN7O4S
Synonyms
  • Encorafenib
External IDs
  • LGX-818
  • LGX818
  • NVP-LGX-818-NXA
  • NVP-LGX818
  • NVP-LGX818-NXA

Pharmacology

Indication

Encorafenib is indicated in combination with binimetinib for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation.8 It is also indicated in combination with cetuximab for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation.8

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Associated Conditions
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Encorafenib has shown improved efficacy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma 3.

Encorafenib, a selective BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi), has a pharmacologic profile that is distinct from that of other clinically active BRAFis 7.

Once-daily dosing of single-agent encorafenib has a distinct tolerability profile and shows varying antitumor activity across BRAFi-pretreated and BRAFi-naïve patients with advanced/metastatic stage melanoma 7.

Mechanism of action

Encorafenib is a kinase inhibitor that specifically targets BRAF V600E, as well as wild-type BRAF and CRAF while tested with in vitro cell-free assays with IC50 values of 0.35, 0.47, and 0.3 nM, respectively. Mutations in the BRAF gene, including BRAF V600E, result in activated BRAF kinases that mahy stimulate tumor cell growth. Encorafenib is able to bind to other kinases in vitro including JNK1, JNK2, JNK3, LIMK1, LIMK2, MEK4, and STK36 and significantly reduce ligand binding to these kinases at clinically achievable concentrations (≤ 0.9 μM).8

In efficacy studies, encorafenib inhibited the in vitro cell growth of tumor cell lines that express BRAF V600 E, D, and K mutations. In mice implanted with tumor cells expressing the BRAF V600E mutation, encorafenib induced tumor regressions associated with RAF/MEK/ERK pathway suppression.8

Encorafenib and binimetinib target two different kinases in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Compared with either drug alone, co-administration of encorafenib and binimetinib result in greater anti-proliferative activity in vitro in BRAF mutation-positive cell lines and greater anti-tumor activity with respect to tumor growth inhibition in BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma xenograft studies in mice. In addition to the above, the combination of encorafenib and binimetinib acted to delay the emergence of resistance in BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma xenografts in mice compared with the administration of either drug alone.8

TargetActionsOrganism
ASerine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf
inhibitor
Humans
AG1/S-specific cyclin-D1
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

After oral administration, the median Tmax of encorafenib is 2 hours. At least 86% of the dose is absorbed. Administration of a single dose of BRAFTOVI 100 mg (0.2 times the recommended dose) with a high-fat, high-calorie meal (comprised of approximately 150 calories from protein, 350 calories from carbohydrates, and 500 calories from fat) decreased the mean maximum encorafenib concentration (Cmax) by 36% with no effect on AUC (area under the curve).8

Volume of distribution

The blood-to-plasma concentration ratio is 0.58. The geometric mean (CV%) of apparent volume of distribution is 164 L (70%).8

Protein binding

Encorafenib is 86% bound to human plasma proteins in vitro.8

Metabolism

The primary metabolic pathway is N-dealkylation, with CYP3A4 as the main contributor (83%) to total oxidative clearance of encorafenib in human liver microsomes, followed by CYP2C19 (16%) and CYP2D6 (1%).8

Route of elimination

Following a single oral dose of 100 mg radiolabeled encorafenib, 47% (5% unchanged) of the administered dose was recovered in the feces and 47% (2% unchanged) was recovered in the urine.8

Half-life

The mean (CV%) terminal half-life (t1/2) of encorafenib is 3.5 hours (17%).8

Clearance

The apparent clearance is 14 L/h (54%) at day 1, increasing to 32 L/h (59%) at steady-state.8

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

New primary malignancies, cutaneous and non-cutaneous, have been observed in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors and can occur with encorafenib.8

In COLUMBUS, a phase 3 safety and efficacy trial,8 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC), including keratoacanthoma (KA), occurred in 2.6%, and basal cell carcinoma occurred in 1.6% of patients who received BRAFTOVI in combination with binimetinib. The median time to first occurrence of cuSCC/KA was 5.8 months (range 1 to 9 months).8

Tumor promotion in BRAF Wild-Type Tumors has been observed with encofarenib use.8

Hemorrhage, uveitis, QT interval prolongation are also other adverse events observed while taking this medication.8

Encorafenib, when used as a single agent, is associated with an increased risk of certain adverse reactions compared to when BRAFTOVI is used in combination with binimetinib. Grades 3 or 4 dermatologic reactions occurred in 21% of patients treated with BRAFTOVI therapy alone compared to 2% of patients treated with BRAFTOVI in combination with binimetinib.8

Advise females with reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective non-hormonal contraception during treatment with BRAFTOVI and for 2 weeks after the final dose.8

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Encorafenib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Encorafenib can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Encorafenib can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AcebutololThe metabolism of Encorafenib can be decreased when combined with Acebutolol.
AcetaminophenThe metabolism of Encorafenib can be decreased when combined with Acetaminophen.
AcrivastineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Acrivastine is combined with Encorafenib.
AdagrasibThe metabolism of Encorafenib can be decreased when combined with Adagrasib.
AdalimumabThe metabolism of Encorafenib can be increased when combined with Adalimumab.
AdenosineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Adenosine is combined with Encorafenib.
AjmalineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Ajmaline is combined with Encorafenib.
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Food Interactions
  • Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A metabolism, which may increase the serum concentration of encorafenib.
  • Exercise caution with St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A metabolism, which may reduce serum levels of encorafenib.
  • Take with or without food.

Products

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Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
BraftoviCapsule50 mg/1OralArray BioPharma Inc.2022-03-01Not applicableUS flag
BraftoviCapsule50 mg/1OralArray BioPharma Inc.2018-06-272019-03-13US flag
BraftoviCapsule50 mgOralPierre Fabre Médicament2021-03-17Not applicableEU flag
BraftoviCapsule75 mgOralPfizer Canada Ulc2021-07-05Not applicableCanada flag
BraftoviCapsule75 mgOralPierre Fabre Médicament2021-03-17Not applicableEU flag
BraftoviCapsule75 mg/1OralArray BioPharma Inc.2018-06-27Not applicableUS flag
BraftoviCapsule75 mgOralPierre Fabre Médicament2021-03-17Not applicableEU flag
BraftoviCapsule50 mgOralPierre Fabre Médicament2021-03-17Not applicableEU flag

Categories

ATC Codes
L01EC03 — Encorafenib
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpyrazoles. These are compounds containing a phenylpyrazole skeleton, which consists of a pyrazole bound to a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Azoles
Sub Class
Pyrazoles
Direct Parent
Phenylpyrazoles
Alternative Parents
Sulfanilides / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Chlorobenzenes / Fluorobenzenes / Organosulfonamides / Aryl chlorides / Aryl fluorides / Organic sulfonamides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Aminosulfonyl compounds
show 8 more
Substituents
Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aminosulfonyl compound / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl fluoride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carbamic acid ester
show 25 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
8L7891MRB6
CAS number
1269440-17-6
InChI Key
CMJCXYNUCSMDBY-ZDUSSCGKSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H27ClFN7O4S/c1-12(2)31-11-16(17-6-7-25-21(28-17)26-10-13(3)27-22(32)35-4)20(29-31)15-8-14(23)9-18(19(15)24)30-36(5,33)34/h6-9,11-13,30H,10H2,1-5H3,(H,27,32)(H,25,26,28)/t13-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
methyl N-[(2S)-1-({4-[3-(5-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methanesulfonamidophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)propan-2-yl]carbamate
SMILES
COC(=O)N[C@@H](C)CNC1=NC=CC(=N1)C1=CN(N=C1C1=CC(Cl)=CC(NS(C)(=O)=O)=C1F)C(C)C

References

General References
  1. Li Z, Jiang K, Zhu X, Lin G, Song F, Zhao Y, Piao Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Bi X, Gong P, Song Z, Meng S: Encorafenib (LGX818), a potent BRAF inhibitor, induces senescence accompanied by autophagy in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 28;370(2):332-44. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.015. Epub 2015 Nov 14. [Article]
  2. Koelblinger P, Thuerigen O, Dummer R: Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2018 Mar;30(2):125-133. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000426. [Article]
  3. Moschos SJ, Pinnamaneni R: Targeted therapies in melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015 Apr;24(2):347-58. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2014.12.011. Epub 2015 Jan 24. [Article]
  4. Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT: Encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 May;19(5):603-615. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30142-6. Epub 2018 Mar 21. [Article]
  5. FDA approves encorafenib and binimetinib in combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF mutations [Link]
  6. BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [ Homo sapiens (human) ] [Link]
  7. Phase I Dose-Escalation and -Expansion Study of the BRAF Inhibitor Encorafenib (LGX818) in Metastatic BRAF-Mutant Melanoma [Link]
  8. FDA Approved Drug Products: Braftovi (encorafenib) oral capsules [Link]
  9. Encorafenib review [File]
PubChem Compound
50922675
PubChem Substance
347828081
ChemSpider
28536139
BindingDB
221688
RxNav
2049106
ChEMBL
CHEMBL3301612
ZINC
ZINC000068249103
PharmGKB
PA166179872
Wikipedia
Encorafenib
MSDS
Download (22.4 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4RecruitingTreatmentSolid Tumors1
3Active Not RecruitingTreatmentMelanoma1
3CompletedTreatmentBRAF V600E-mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer1
3Not Yet RecruitingTreatmentBiliary Tract Neoplasms1
3RecruitingTreatmentMelanoma2
3RecruitingTreatmentMetastatic Colorectal Cancer (CRC) / Stage III Colorectal Cancer1
3RecruitingTreatmentNeoplasm1
2Active Not RecruitingTreatmentAnaplastic Astrocytoma (AA) / BRAF V600E Mutation / BRAF V600K mutation / Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) / Gliosarcoma / High Grade Glioma (HGG) / Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma, Anaplastic1
2Active Not RecruitingTreatmentBRAF V600E-mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer1
2Active Not RecruitingTreatmentMelanoma of Unknown Primary / Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in Lymph Node / Pathologic Stage IIIB Cutaneous Melanoma AJCC v8 / Pathologic Stage IIIC Cutaneous Melanoma AJCC v8 / Pathologic Stage IIID Cutaneous Melanoma AJCC v8 / Recurrent Cutaneous Melanoma1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral50 mg/1
CapsuleOral50 MG
CapsuleOral75 mg/1
CapsuleOral75 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US9763941No2017-09-192032-11-21US flag
US9314464No2016-04-192031-07-04US flag
US9850229No2017-12-262030-08-27US flag
US8541575No2013-09-242030-02-26US flag
US10005761No2018-06-262030-08-27US flag
US9850230No2017-12-262030-08-27US flag
US9593099No2017-03-142030-08-27US flag
US9593100No2017-03-142030-08-27US flag
US8946250No2015-02-032029-07-23US flag
US9387208No2016-07-122032-11-21US flag
US8501758No2013-08-062031-03-04US flag
US10258622No2019-04-162032-11-21US flag
US9474754No2016-10-252033-08-05US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0112 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.16ALOGPS
logP2.65Chemaxon
logS-4.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.45Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)3.08Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area140.13 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count9Chemaxon
Refractivity145.6 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability54.11 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSNot Available

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific Function
Protein kinase involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. May play a role in the postsynaptic responses of hippocampal neuron. Phosphorylates MAP2K1, a...
Gene Name
BRAF
Uniprot ID
P15056
Uniprot Name
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf
Molecular Weight
84436.135 Da
References
  1. Li Z, Jiang K, Zhu X, Lin G, Song F, Zhao Y, Piao Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Bi X, Gong P, Song Z, Meng S: Encorafenib (LGX818), a potent BRAF inhibitor, induces senescence accompanied by autophagy in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 28;370(2):332-44. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.015. Epub 2015 Nov 14. [Article]
  2. Koelblinger P, Thuerigen O, Dummer R: Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2018 Mar;30(2):125-133. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000426. [Article]
  3. Moschos SJ, Pinnamaneni R: Targeted therapies in melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015 Apr;24(2):347-58. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2014.12.011. Epub 2015 Jan 24. [Article]
  4. Encorafenib review [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Transcription factor binding
Specific Function
Regulatory component of the cyclin D1-CDK4 (DC) complex that phosphorylates and inhibits members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulates the cell-cycle during G(1)/S t...
Gene Name
CCND1
Uniprot ID
P24385
Uniprot Name
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1
Molecular Weight
33728.74 Da
References
  1. Li Z, Jiang K, Zhu X, Lin G, Song F, Zhao Y, Piao Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Bi X, Gong P, Song Z, Meng S: Encorafenib (LGX818), a potent BRAF inhibitor, induces senescence accompanied by autophagy in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 28;370(2):332-44. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.015. Epub 2015 Nov 14. [Article]
  2. Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT: Encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 May;19(5):603-615. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30142-6. Epub 2018 Mar 21. [Article]
  3. Encorafenib review [File]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Encorafenib review [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Koelblinger P, Thuerigen O, Dummer R: Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2018 Mar;30(2):125-133. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000426. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Encorafenib review [File]

Drug created at October 20, 2016 20:42 / Updated at March 24, 2023 20:20