Identification
- Summary
Lithium carbonate is a medication used to treat manic episodes of bipolar disorder.
- Brand Names
- Carbolith, Lithane, Lithmax, Lithobid
- Generic Name
- Lithium carbonate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB14509
- Background
Lithium has been used to treat manic episodes since the 19th century3. Though it is widely used, its mechanism of action is still unknownLabel1,3,4,6. Lithium carbonate has a narrow therapeutic range and so careful monitoring is required to avoid adverse effectsLabel.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Lithium carbonate (DB14509)
- Weight
- Average: 73.89
Monoisotopic: 74.01675074 - Chemical Formula
- CLi2O3
- Synonyms
- Carbonic acid, dilithium salt
- Dilithium carbonate
- Lithii carbonas
- Lithium carbonate
- Lithonate
- External IDs
- CP-15,467-61
- CP-15467-61
- CP-1546761
Pharmacology
- Indication
Lithium carbonate is indicated as a monotherapy for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar 1 disorder in patients ≥7 years of age.8 It is also indicated as a maintenance treatment for bipolar 1 disorder in patients ≥7 years of age.8
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Lithium's mechanism of action is still unknownLabel. Lithium's therapeutic action may be due to a number of effects, ranging from inhibition of enzymes such as glycogen synthase kinase 3, inositol phosphatases, or modulation of glutamate receptors3,4.
- Mechanism of action
Lithium's mechanism of action is still unknownLabel. However, the “inositol depletion theory” suggests 3 main potential targets3. These targets are inositol monophosphatase, inositol polyphosphatase, and glycogen synthase kinase 3(GSK-3)3,6.
The “Inositol depletion theory” suggests lithium behaves as an uncompetitive inhibitor of inositol monophosphatase in a manner inversely proportional to the degree of stimulus3. This inhibition lowers levels of inositol triphosphate6. However, stronger inhibitors of inositol monophosphatase are not as clinically effective and low levels of inositol triphosphate are associated with memory impairment3,6.
Lithium acts on inositol polyphosphatase as an uncompetitive inhibitor3. This inhibition is thought to have multiple downstream effects that have yet to be clarified3.
Lithium regulates phosphorylation of GSK-3 which regulates other enzymes through phosphorylation3. Lithium can also inhibit GSK-3 through interfering with the magnesium ion in the active site3.
Target Actions Organism UInositol monophosphatase 2 Not Available Humans UInositol monophosphatase 1 Not Available Humans UGlycogen synthase kinase-3 beta Not Available Humans UGlutamate receptor 3 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Lithium absorption is rapid and oral bioavailability is close to 100%2.
- Volume of distribution
- Protein binding
- Metabolism
Lithium carbonate is not metabolized before excretionLabel.
- Route of elimination
Lithium is primarily eliminated through the kidneys and elimination in the feces is insignificantLabel.
- Half-life
The half life of lithium carbonate is 18 to 36 hoursLabel. Other sources say it may be 7 to 20 hours7.
- Clearance
Clearance is generally between 10 and 40mL/min but may be as low as 15mL/min in elderly patients and those with renal impairment2.
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
In rats, the oral LD50 is 525mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 is >2.17mg/L over 4 hoursMSDS.
There is insufficient data regarding the carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility impairment of lithium carbonateLabel. However, studies in rats and mice have shown repeated daily dosing of lithium carbonate result in adverse effects on male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis, and testosterone levelsLabel.
There is conflicting evidence regarding the incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities in first trimester administration of lithiumLabel. Animal studies have shown adverse effects on the fetus and fertility overallLabel. The risk and benefit of lithium use in pregnancy must be weighed and should lithium treatment continue in pregnancy, serum lithium concentrations should be regularly monitored, dosages should be adjusted, and lithium should be decreased or stopped 2 or 3 days before delivery to avoid maternal and/or neonatal toxicityLabel.
Breastfeeding is not recommended with maternal lithium use but if it is continued, the infant should be monitored for thyroid function and symptoms of lithium toxicity such as hypertonia, hypothermia, cyanosis, and ECG changesLabel.
Safety in effectiveness in patients under 12 years has not been established, however dosing for patients 12 years and older is similar to that of adult patientsLabel.
Safety in geriatric patients has not been established, however caution is advised when using lithium as this population is more likely to have impaired renal functionLabel.
Patients with creatinine clearance between 30mL/min and 89mL/min should be started at a lower dose and slowly titrated to the correct dose while monitoring serum lithium levelsLabel. Patients with a creatinine clearance less than 30mL/min should not take lithium, especially in the case of a low sodium dietLabel.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when 1,2-Benzodiazepine is combined with Lithium carbonate. Abacavir Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Lithium carbonate which could result in a higher serum level. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Lithium carbonate which could result in a higher serum level. Acemetacin Acemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Lithium carbonate which could result in a higher serum level. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lithium carbonate is combined with Acenocoumarol. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen may decrease the excretion rate of Lithium carbonate which could result in a higher serum level. Acetazolamide The absorption of Lithium carbonate can be decreased when combined with Acetazolamide. Acetophenazine Lithium carbonate may increase the neurotoxic activities of Acetophenazine. Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Lithium carbonate which could result in a higher serum level. Aclidinium Aclidinium may decrease the excretion rate of Lithium carbonate which could result in a higher serum level. 
Identify potential medication risksEasily compare up to 40 drugs with our drug interaction checker.Get severity rating, description, and management advice.Learn more - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Alcohol increased peak serum concentrations of lithium.
- Avoid iodine-containing foods and supplements. Iodine and lithium may synergistically produce hypothyroidism.
- Limit caffeine intake. Caffeine may decrease lithium concentrations.
- Take with food. Food reduces gastrointestinal upset.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Lithium cation ionic 8H8Z5UER66 7439-93-2 HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- LithoTab
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Carbolith Capsule 600 mg Oral Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 1992-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Carbolith Capsule 300 mg Oral Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 1971-12-31 Not applicable Canada Carbolith Capsule 150 mg Oral Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 1979-12-31 Not applicable Canada Duralith Tab 300mg Tablet, extended release 300 mg Oral Janssen Pharmaceuticals 1985-12-31 2010-02-12 Canada Eskalith Capsule, gelatin coated 300 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1970-04-06 2007-08-15 US 
Eskalith Capsule, gelatin coated 300 mg/1 Oral GlaxoSmithKline 2006-05-10 2007-06-25 US Eskalith CR Tablet, extended release 450 mg/1 Oral GlaxoSmithKline 2006-05-10 2007-06-25 US Eskalith CR Tablet, extended release 450 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1982-03-29 2007-08-15 US Lithane Tablet 300 mg/1 Oral Miles Pharmaceuticals 2006-06-12 Not applicable US Lithane Capsule 300 mg Oral Searchlight Pharma Inc 1979-12-31 Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-lithium Carbonate Capsule 300 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2001-02-12 Not applicable Canada Apo-lithium Carbonate Capsule 150 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2001-02-12 Not applicable Canada Dom-lithium Carbonate Capsule 150 mg / cap Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-lithium Carbonate Capsule 600 mg / cap Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-lithium Carbonate Capsule 300 mg / cap Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Euro Lithium Capsule 300 mg Oral Euro Pharm International Canada Inc 2008-02-26 2013-07-10 Canada Euro Lithium Capsule 150 mg Oral Euro Pharm International Canada Inc 2008-02-26 2013-07-10 Canada Lithium Carbonate Tablet, extended release 450 mg/1 Oral Mylan Institutional Inc. 2012-04-20 Not applicable US Lithium Carbonate Capsule 600 mg/1 Oral Hetero Drugs Ltd., 2009-09-25 Not applicable US Lithium Carbonate Tablet, extended release 300 mg/1 Oral Cardinal Health 2004-10-28 2014-03-31 US 
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Acids
- Acids, Noncarboxylic
- Alkalies
- Anions
- Antidepressive Agents
- Antimanic Agents
- Carbon Compounds, Inorganic
- Carbonates
- Carbonic Acid
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Electrolytes
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Ions
- Lithium Compounds
- Mood Stabilizer
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Nephrotoxic agents
- Nervous System
- Neurotoxic agents
- Psycholeptics
- Psychotropic Drugs
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Modulators
- Tranquilizing Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic carbonic acids. These are compounds comprising the carbonic acid functional group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Organic carbonic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Organic carbonic acids
- Direct Parent
- Organic carbonic acids
- Alternative Parents
- Carbonate salts / Organic lithium salts / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carbonate salt / Carbonic acid / Carbonyl group / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic alkali metal salt / Organic lithium salt / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organic salt
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- lithium salt, carbonate salt (CHEBI:6504)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 2BMD2GNA4V
- CAS number
- 554-13-2
- InChI Key
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L
- InChI
- InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Li/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2
- IUPAC Name
- dilithium(1+) carbonate
- SMILES
- [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O
References
- General References
- Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA Jr, Manji HK: Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(1):50-60. doi: 10.1159/000314310. Epub 2010 May 7. [Article]
- Hedya SA, Swoboda HD: Lithium Toxicity . [Article]
- Serretti A, Drago A, De Ronchi D: Lithium pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics: focus on inositol mono phosphatase (IMPase), inositol poliphosphatase (IPPase) and glycogen sinthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3 beta). Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(15):1917-48. [Article]
- Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang DM: Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 20;96(15):8745-50. [Article]
- ILO: Lithium [Link]
- Bipolar Disorders and Lithium: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Therapeutic Effects and Indications of Lithium: Review of Articles [Link]
- New Zealand Drug Data Sheet: Lithium Carbonate [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Lithium carbonate capsules/tablets/solution for oral use [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Compound
- C07964
- ChemSpider
- 10654
- ChEBI
- 6504
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1200826
- Wikipedia
- Lithium_carbonate
- FDA label
- Download (487 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (51 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Dementia / Depression / Geriatric Depression / Late Life Depression (LLD) / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) / Major depressive disorder, recurrent episode / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) / Treatment-Refractory Depression 1 4 Completed Basic Science Bipolar Disorder (BD) 1 4 Completed Diagnostic Bipolar Disorder (BD) 1 4 Completed Prevention Bipolar Affective Disorders 1 4 Completed Prevention Depression, Bipolar 1 4 Completed Treatment Acute Mania 1 4 Completed Treatment Acute Mania in Bipolar Disorder 1 4 Completed Treatment Bipolar 1 Disorder 1 4 Completed Treatment Bipolar 1 Disorder / Bipolar Disorder, Type II 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule, liquid filled Oral 300 mg Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg Capsule Oral 600 mg Capsule Oral 150 MG Capsule Oral 300 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 450 mg Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 300 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 450 mg/1 Tablet Oral Tablet, extended release Oral 400 MG Tablet Oral 300 mg/1 Solution Oral 8 meq/5mL Capsule Oral 150 mg/1 Capsule Oral 300 mg/1 Capsule Oral 600 mg/1 Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 150 mg/1 Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 600 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 300 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 300 mg/1 Tablet Oral 450 mg/1 Capsule Oral 150 mg / cap Capsule Oral 300 mg / cap Tablet, extended release Oral 300 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg Capsule Oral 600 mg / cap Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, extended release Oral 450 mg Tablet Oral 250 mg Tablet Oral 300 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Not Available
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 180.5 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0710 boiling point (°C) 1336 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0710 water solubility 100mM http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10654.html - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 644.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.28 ALOGPS logP 0.25 Chemaxon logS 0.94 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 6.05 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 63.19 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 31.17 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 3.52 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Can use myo-inositol monophosphates, scylloinositol 1,4-diphosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, beta-glycerophosphate, and 2'-AMP as substrates. Has been implicated as the pharmacological target for lith...
- Gene Name
- IMPA2
- Uniprot ID
- O14732
- Uniprot Name
- Inositol monophosphatase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 31320.525 Da
References
- Cryns K, Shamir A, Shapiro J, Daneels G, Goris I, Van Craenendonck H, Straetemans R, Belmaker RH, Agam G, Moechars D, Steckler T: Lack of lithium-like behavioral and molecular effects in IMPA2 knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Apr;32(4):881-91. Epub 2006 Jul 12. [Article]
- Ohnishi T, Ohba H, Seo KC, Im J, Sato Y, Iwayama Y, Furuichi T, Chung SK, Yoshikawa T: Spatial expression patterns and biochemical properties distinguish a second myo-inositol monophosphatase IMPA2 from IMPA1. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):637-46. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [Article]
- Ohnishi T, Yamada K, Ohba H, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Hattori E, Inada T, Kunugi H, Tatsumi M, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Sakamoto K, Iijima Y, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Nanko S, Osumi N, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Kato T, Yoshikawa T: A promoter haplotype of the inositol monophosphatase 2 gene (IMPA2) at 18p11.2 confers a possible risk for bipolar disorder by enhancing transcription. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Aug;32(8):1727-37. Epub 2007 Jan 24. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the provision of inositol required for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides and has been implicated as the pharmacological target for lithium action in brain....
- Gene Name
- IMPA1
- Uniprot ID
- P29218
- Uniprot Name
- Inositol monophosphatase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 30188.59 Da
References
- Sarkar S, Rubinsztein DC: Inositol and IP3 levels regulate autophagy: biology and therapeutic speculations. Autophagy. 2006 Apr-Jun;2(2):132-4. Epub 2006 Apr 6. [Article]
- Trinquet E, Fink M, Bazin H, Grillet F, Maurin F, Bourrier E, Ansanay H, Leroy C, Michaud A, Durroux T, Maurel D, Malhaire F, Goudet C, Pin JP, Naval M, Hernout O, Chretien F, Chapleur Y, Mathis G: D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate as a surrogate of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-tris phosphate to monitor G protein-coupled receptor activation. Anal Biochem. 2006 Nov 1;358(1):126-35. Epub 2006 Aug 30. [Article]
- Ohnishi T, Ohba H, Seo KC, Im J, Sato Y, Iwayama Y, Furuichi T, Chung SK, Yoshikawa T: Spatial expression patterns and biochemical properties distinguish a second myo-inositol monophosphatase IMPA2 from IMPA1. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):637-46. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [Article]
- Tanizawa Y, Kuhara A, Inada H, Kodama E, Mizuno T, Mori I: Inositol monophosphatase regulates localization of synaptic components and behavior in the mature nervous system of C. elegans. Genes Dev. 2006 Dec 1;20(23):3296-310. [Article]
- Ohnishi T, Yamada K, Ohba H, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Hattori E, Inada T, Kunugi H, Tatsumi M, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Sakamoto K, Iijima Y, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Nanko S, Osumi N, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Kato T, Yoshikawa T: A promoter haplotype of the inositol monophosphatase 2 gene (IMPA2) at 18p11.2 confers a possible risk for bipolar disorder by enhancing transcription. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Aug;32(8):1727-37. Epub 2007 Jan 24. [Article]
- Li Z, Stieglitz KA, Shrout AL, Wei Y, Weis RM, Stec B, Roberts MF: Mobile loop mutations in an archaeal inositol monophosphatase: modulating three-metal ion assisted catalysis and lithium inhibition. Protein Sci. 2010 Feb;19(2):309-18. doi: 10.1002/pro.315. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
- Specific Function
- Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by pho...
- Gene Name
- GSK3B
- Uniprot ID
- P49841
- Uniprot Name
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
- Molecular Weight
- 46743.865 Da
References
- Borsotto M, Cavarec L, Bouillot M, Romey G, Macciardi F, Delaye A, Nasroune M, Bastucci M, Sambucy JL, Luan JJ, Charpagne A, Jouet V, Leger R, Lazdunski M, Cohen D, Chumakov I: PP2A-Bgamma subunit and KCNQ2 K+ channels in bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics J. 2007 Apr;7(2):123-32. Epub 2006 May 30. [Article]
- Adli M, Hollinde DL, Stamm T, Wiethoff K, Tsahuridu M, Kirchheiner J, Heinz A, Bauer M: Response to lithium augmentation in depression is associated with the glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta -50T/C single nucleotide polymorphism. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Dec 1;62(11):1295-302. Epub 2007 Jul 12. [Article]
- O'Brien WT, Klein PS: Validating GSK3 as an in vivo target of lithium action. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):1133-8. doi: 10.1042/BST0371133. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
- Gene Name
- GRIA3
- Uniprot ID
- P42263
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate receptor 3
- Molecular Weight
- 101155.975 Da
References
- Karkanias NB, Papke RL: Lithium modulates desensitization of the glutamate receptor subtype gluR3 in Xenopus oocytes. Neurosci Lett. 1999 Dec 31;277(3):153-6. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ww domain binding
- Specific Function
- Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical...
- Gene Name
- SCNN1A
- Uniprot ID
- P37088
- Uniprot Name
- Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 75703.08 Da
References
- Christensen BM, Zuber AM, Loffing J, Stehle JC, Deen PM, Rossier BC, Hummler E: alphaENaC-mediated lithium absorption promotes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Feb;22(2):253-61. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010070734. Epub 2010 Nov 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ww domain binding
- Specific Function
- Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical...
- Gene Name
- SCNN1B
- Uniprot ID
- P51168
- Uniprot Name
- Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 72658.485 Da
References
- Christensen BM, Zuber AM, Loffing J, Stehle JC, Deen PM, Rossier BC, Hummler E: alphaENaC-mediated lithium absorption promotes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Feb;22(2):253-61. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010070734. Epub 2010 Nov 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ww domain binding
- Specific Function
- Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical...
- Gene Name
- SCNN1G
- Uniprot ID
- P51170
- Uniprot Name
- Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 74269.62 Da
References
- Christensen BM, Zuber AM, Loffing J, Stehle JC, Deen PM, Rossier BC, Hummler E: alphaENaC-mediated lithium absorption promotes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Feb;22(2):253-61. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010070734. Epub 2010 Nov 4. [Article]
Drug created at July 11, 2018 22:07 / Updated at December 06, 2023 02:33