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Identification
- Summary
Morphine is an opioid agonist used for the relief of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain.
- Brand Names
- Arymo, Avinza, Duramorph, Embeda, Infumorph, Kadian, M-ediat, M-eslon, MSIR, Mitigo, Ms Contin, Statex
- Generic Name
- Morphine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00295
- Background
Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805.1 It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse.2 Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.13
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Morphine (DB00295)
- Weight
- Average: 285.3377
Monoisotopic: 285.136493479 - Chemical Formula
- C17H19NO3
- Synonyms
- (−)-morphine
- (5alpha,6alpha)-17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3,6-diol
- (5alpha,6alpha)-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol
- (5R,6S,9R,13S,14R)-4,5-epoxy-N-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6-diol
- (5α,6α)-17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3,6-diol
- (5α,6α)-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol
- (7R,7AS,12bs)-3-methyl-2,3,4,4a,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methano[1]benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol
- Anhydrous morphine
- Morfina
- Morphia
- Morphin
- Morphine
- Morphinum
- Morphium
- External IDs
- IDS-NM-009
- N02AA01
Pharmacology
- Indication
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.2
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.11
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Chronic intractable pain •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to manage Chronic pain Combination Product in combination with: Naltrexone (DB00704) •••••••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• Management of Chronic pain •••••••••••• Used in combination to manage Severe pain Combination Product in combination with: Naltrexone (DB00704) •••••••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• Treatment of Severe pain •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Morphine binding to opioid receptors blocks transmission of nociceptive signals, signals pain-modulating neurons in the spinal cord, and inhibits primary afferent nociceptors to the dorsal horn sensory projection cells.1
Morphine has a time to onset of 6-30 minutes.1 Excess consumption of morphine and other opioids can lead to changes in synaptic neuroplasticity, including changes in neuron density, changes at postsynaptic sites, and changes at dendritic terminals.3
Intravenous morphine's analgesic effect is sex dependent. The EC50 in men is 76ng/mL and in women is 22ng/mL.5
Morphine-6-glucuronide is 22 times less potent than morphine in eliciting pupil constriction.5
- Mechanism of action
Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for approximately 85% of the response observed by morphine administration.4 Morphine and its metabolites act as agonists of the mu and kappa opioid receptors.1 The mu-opioid receptor is integral to morphine's effects on the ventral tegmental area of the brain. Morphine's activation of the reward pathway is mediated by agonism of the delta-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens,2 while modification of the respiratory system and addiction disorder are mediated by agonism of the mu-opioid receptor.3
Target Actions Organism AMu-type opioid receptor agonistregulatorHumans AKappa-type opioid receptor agonistHumans ADelta-type opioid receptor agonistHumans ULymphocyte antigen 96 activatorHumans - Absorption
Morphine is absorbed in the alkaline environments of the upper intestine and rectal mucosa.6 The bioavailability of morphine is 80-100%.8 There is significant first-pass metabolism, therefore oral doses are 6 times larger than parenteral doses to achieve the same effect. Morphine reaches steady-state concentrations after 24-48 hours.1 Parenteral morphine has a Tmax of 15 minutes and oral morphine has a Tmax of 90 minutes, with a Cmax of 283nmol/L.7,8 The AUC of morphine is 225-290nmol*h/L.8
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution of morphine is 5.31L/kg.6 Morphine-6-glucuronide has a volume of distribution of 3.61L/kg.6
- Protein binding
Morphine is 35% protein bound, the metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide is 10% protein bound, and morphine-6-glucuronide is 15% protein bound.4
- Metabolism
Morphine is 90% metabolized by glucuronidation by UGT2B7 and sulfation at positions 3 and 6.4 Morphine can also be metabolized to codeine, normorphine, and morphine ethereal sulfate.6
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
70-80% of an administered dose is excreted within 48 hours.6 Morphine is predominantly eliminated in the urine with 2-10% of a dose recovered as the unchanged parent drug.4 7-10% of a dose of morphine is eliminated in the feces.13
- Half-life
Morphine has a half life of 2-3 hours.5
- Clearance
The apparent clearance of intravenous or subcutaneous morphine is 1600 mL/min.8
- Adverse Effects
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The LD50 is 0.78µg/mL in males and 0.98µg/mL in females.9
Patients experiencing an overdose present with respiratory depression, somnolence, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, miosis, and mydriasis. Symptoms of overdose can progress to pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and death.12 Treat overdose with symptomatic and supportive treatment which may include the use of oxygen, vasopressors, and naloxone.12
- Pathways
Pathway Category Morphine Action Pathway Drug action Codeine Action Pathway Drug action Heroin Metabolism Pathway Drug metabolism Heroin Action Pathway Drug action Codeine Metabolism Pathway Drug metabolism Morphine Metabolism Pathway Drug metabolism - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Multidrug resistance protein 1 --- (T;T) / (C;T) T Allele Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype may have an increased analgesic response to morphine. Details Mu-type opioid receptor --- (A;A) A Allele Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype may have an increased analgesic response to morphine. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Morphine is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Morphine is combined with Abaloparatide. Abametapir The serum concentration of Morphine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Morphine can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Morphine. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Concomitant use may lead to profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.
- Take with or without food. There is no significant different in the AUC or Cmax of oral extended release tablets when taken with or without food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Morphine acetate VEO43W5229 596-15-6 CLDOGJORCNORLA-VYKNHSEDSA-N Morphine hydrochloride J28GE0ROVX 52-26-6 XCKKIKBIPZJUET-VYKNHSEDSA-N Morphine hydrochloride trihydrate Q5F3AS69LF 6055-06-7 XELXKCKNPPSFNN-BJWPBXOKSA-N Morphine mesylate QXB8THK8QY 335328-17-1 MHEMFNFIWLUDDJ-VYKNHSEDSA-N Morphine nitrate DV2P23JCWV 596-16-7 VHBDDUMTLJSZDR-VYKNHSEDSA-N Morphine phosphate 1LQ9207LZE 596-17-8 KZSZGTYWWBPNKB-VYKNHSEDSA-N Morphine sulfate DY70C97N30 64-31-3 USAHOPJHPJHUNS-IFCNUISUSA-N Morphine sulfate pentahydrate X3P646A2J0 6211-15-0 GRVOTVYEFDAHCL-RTSZDRIGSA-N Morphine tartrate U3NSU23LHD 302-31-8 SVTKSKRNLMAUKF-HAIKCVHQSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Kapanol (Mayne Pharma/Glaxo) / MSIR (Purdue Pharma) / Oramorph (Boeringher Ingelheim)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Arymo ER Tablet, film coated, extended release 60 mg/1 Oral Zyla Life Sciences US LLC 2017-02-01 Not applicable US 
Arymo ER Tablet, film coated, extended release 30 mg/1 Oral Zyla Life Sciences US LLC 2017-02-01 Not applicable US Arymo ER Tablet, film coated, extended release 15 mg/1 Oral Zyla Life Sciences US LLC 2017-02-01 Not applicable US Avinza Capsule, extended release 120 mg/1 Oral Lake Erie Medical Dba Quality Care Produts Llc 2011-10-25 2015-06-01 US Avinza Capsule, extended release 60 mg/1 Oral Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated 2006-08-08 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Astramorph Injection 1 mg/1mL Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous Astrazeneca Ab 1990-09-30 2013-03-31 US Astramorph Injection 0.5 mg/1mL Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous Astrazeneca Ab 1990-10-01 2012-08-31 US Astramorph Injection 1 mg/1mL Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous Astrazeneca Ab 1990-10-01 2013-04-30 US Astramorph Injection 1 mg/1mL Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous Astrazeneca Ab 1990-10-01 2012-06-30 US Astramorph Injection 0.5 mg/1mL Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous Astrazeneca Ab 1990-10-01 2013-02-28 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Embeda Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (100 mg/1) + Naltrexone hydrochloride (4 mg/1) Capsule, extended release Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 2009-08-13 Not applicable US Embeda Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (20 mg/1) + Naltrexone hydrochloride (0.8 mg/1) Capsule, extended release Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 2009-08-13 Not applicable US Embeda Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (50 mg/1) + Naltrexone hydrochloride (2 mg/1) Capsule, extended release Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 2009-08-13 Not applicable US Embeda Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (80 mg/1) + Naltrexone hydrochloride (3.2 mg/1) Capsule, extended release Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 2009-08-13 Not applicable US Embeda Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (20 mg/1) + Naltrexone hydrochloride (.8 mg/1) Capsule, extended release Oral Stat Rx USA 2009-08-13 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Morphine Sulfate Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (5 mg/1) Suppository Rectal bryant ranch prepack 1990-09-01 Not applicable US Morphine Sulfate Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (0.5 mg/1mL) Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2012-01-23 Not applicable US Morphine Sulfate Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (15 mg/1mL) Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. 1971-01-01 2017-05-31 US Morphine Sulfate Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (20 mg/1mL) Solution, concentrate Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2006-01-23 2013-01-15 US Morphine Sulfate Morphine sulfate pentahydrate (40 mg/1mL) Injection, solution Intrathecal Cantrell Drug Company 2012-08-24 2015-03-13 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A07DA52 — Morphine, combinations
- A07DA — Antipropulsives
- A07D — ANTIPROPULSIVES
- A07 — ANTIDIARRHEALS, INTESTINAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY/ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- Drug Categories
- Alkaloids
- Analgesics
- Anesthetics
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- High-risk opioids
- Hypotensive Agents
- Narcotics
- Natural Opium Alkaloids
- Nervous System
- Neuraxial Anesthetics
- Opiate Agonists
- Opiate Alkaloids
- Opioid Agonist
- Opioids
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Phenanthrenes
- Sensory System Agents
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- UGT1A3 substrates
- UGT2B7 substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as morphinans. These are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Alkaloids and derivatives
- Class
- Morphinans
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Morphinans
- Alternative Parents
- Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Tetralins / Coumarans / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Piperidines / Trialkylamines / Secondary alcohols / Oxacyclic compounds show 3 more
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Coumaran / Ether show 15 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- morphinane alkaloid, organic heteropentacyclic compound (CHEBI:17303) / Alkaloids, Isoquinoline alkaloids (C01516)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 76I7G6D29C
- CAS number
- 57-27-2
- InChI Key
- BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2-5,10-11,13,16,19-20H,6-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,13-,16-,17-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (1S,5R,13R,14S,17R)-4-methyl-12-oxa-4-azapentacyclo[9.6.1.0^{1,13}.0^{5,17}.0^{7,18}]octadeca-7(18),8,10,15-tetraene-10,14-diol
- SMILES
- [H][C@@]12OC3=C(O)C=CC4=C3[C@@]11CCN(C)[C@]([H])(C4)[C@]1([H])C=C[C@@H]2O
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US4764615
- General References
- Pacifici GM: Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of morphine in neonates: A review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2016 Aug;71(8):474-80. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2016(08)11. [Article]
- Kim J, Ham S, Hong H, Moon C, Im HI: Brain Reward Circuits in Morphine Addiction. Mol Cells. 2016 Sep;39(9):645-53. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0137. Epub 2016 Aug 9. [Article]
- Beltran-Campos V, Silva-Vera M, Garcia-Campos ML, Diaz-Cintra S: Effects of morphine on brain plasticity. Neurologia. 2015 Apr;30(3):176-80. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.004. Epub 2014 Nov 11. [Article]
- Klimas R, Mikus G: Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for the analgesic effect after morphine administration: a quantitative review of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, and morphine-3-glucuronide. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Dec;113(6):935-44. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu186. Epub 2014 Jul 1. [Article]
- Lotsch J: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of opioids. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005 May;29(5 Suppl):S90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.012. [Article]
- Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW: Morphine: pharmacokinetics and clinical practice. Br J Cancer. 1990 Nov;62(5):705-7. [Article]
- Glare PA, Walsh TD: Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine. Ther Drug Monit. 1991 Jan;13(1):1-23. [Article]
- Stuart-Harris R, Joel SP, McDonald P, Currow D, Slevin ML: The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronide metabolites after subcutaneous bolus injection and subcutaneous infusion of morphine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;49(3):207-14. [Article]
- Shigeev S: Severity of opiate intoxication to gender and age. Soud Lek. 2007 Jan;52(1):21-4. [Article]
- FDA approvals [Link]
- NIH [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Infumorph Morphine Sulfate Injection [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Morphine Sulfate Oral Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Morphine Sulfate Oral Solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: MS Contin (Morphine Sulfate) Oral Extended Release Tablet [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Kadian (Morphine Sulfate) Oral Extended Release Capsules [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: INFUMORPH (morphine sulfate), Preservative-free, injectable solution, for intrathecal or epidural infusion, using a continuous microinfusion device, CII [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014440
- KEGG Drug
- D08233
- KEGG Compound
- C01516
- PubChem Compound
- 5288826
- PubChem Substance
- 46505161
- ChemSpider
- 4450907
- BindingDB
- 50000092
- 7052
- ChEBI
- 17303
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL70
- ZINC
- ZINC000003812983
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000071
- PharmGKB
- PA450550
- PDBe Ligand
- MOI
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Morphine
- PDB Entries
- 1q0y / 7u62 / 8ef6
- FDA label
- Download (277 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (52.6 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Other Post-Operative Confusion 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Prevention Acute Pain / Analgesia / Chronic Pain / Morphine / Neuropathic Pain / Postoperative pain / S-ketamine 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Prevention Analgesia / Dexmedetomidine / Elderly / Long Term Outcomes / Surgery 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Treatment Postoperative pain 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Abdominal Injuries / Analgesia / Local Anaesthetic / Postoperative pain 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- King pharmaceuticals inc
- Actavis elizabeth llc
- Ekr therapeutics inc
- App pharmaceuticals llc
- Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
- Hospira inc
- Mallinckrodt chemical inc
- Meridian medical technologies inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Clonmel healthcare ltd
- Endo pharmaceuticals inc
- Kv pharmaceutical co
- Mallinckrodt inc
- Purdue pharma lp
- Xanodyne pharmaceutics inc
- Actavis
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- Alpharma Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals
- Apotex Inc.
- APP Pharmaceuticals
- AstraZeneca Inc.
- Barr Pharmaceuticals
- Baxter International Inc.
- Blenheim Pharmacal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Bryant Ranch Prepack
- Cardinal Health
- Cerovene Inc.
- Cody Laboratories Inc.
- D.M. Graham Laboratories Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Edenbridge Pharmaceuticals LLC
- EKR Therapeutics Inc.
- Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Ethex Corp.
- G & W Labs
- Glenmark Generics Ltd.
- Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
- Hospira Inc.
- Ide Interstate
- King Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- KV Pharmaceutical Co.
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Lannett Co. Inc.
- Lehigh Valley Technologies Inc.
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Mallinckrodt Inc.
- Marathon Pharmaceuticals
- Mckesson Corp.
- Meridian Medical Technologies Inc.
- Novartis AG
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- P F Laboratories Inc.
- Pacira Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Paddock Labs
- Pharmakon
- Pharmedium
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Purdue Pharma LP
- Quality Care
- Ranbaxy Laboratories
- Roxane Labs
- Stat Rx Usa
- Tercica Inc.
- Upsher Smith Laboratories
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Wockhardt Ltd.
- Xanodyne Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 10.000 mg Injection Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous 0.5 mg/1mL Injection Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous 1 mg/1mL Capsule, coated, extended release Oral 60 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 120 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 30 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 45 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 60 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 75 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 90 mg/1 Solution Parenteral 2.500 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 300 mg Injection Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 10 mg/ml Injection Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 15 mg/ml Injection, lipid complex Epidural 10 mg/1mL Injection, lipid complex Epidural 15 mg/1.5mL Injection, lipid complex Epidural 20 mg/2mL Syrup Oral 5 mg / mL Capsule, extended release Oral Solution Oral 0.600 g Solution Intravenous 250.000 mg Tablet Oral 30.00 mg Injection, solution Epidural; Intrathecal 10 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intrathecal 25 mg/1mL Capsule, extended release Oral 10 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 100 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 130 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 150 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 20 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 200 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 40 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 50 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 50 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 70 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral 80 mg/1 Capsule, extended release Oral Tablet, extended release Oral 10 MG Capsule Oral 10 mg Capsule Oral 20 mg Capsule Oral 30 mg Capsule Oral 5 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 10 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 100 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 15 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 200 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 30 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 60 mg Capsule, coated pellets 10 mg Capsule, coated pellets 100 mg Capsule, coated pellets 30 mg Capsule, coated pellets 60 mg Suppository Rectal 10 mg Tablet Oral 20 mg Tablet Oral 40 mg Syrup Oral 50 mg / mL Tablet Oral 60 mg Injection Epidural; Intrathecal 200 mg/20mL Injection Epidural; Intrathecal 500 mg/20mL Tablet, film coated Oral 20 mg Tablet Oral 15 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 15 mg Tablet Oral 13.172 MG Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 0.01 g/ml Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 0.02 g/ml Injection 10 MG/ML Solution Oral 30 mg Solution Oral 3000000 mg Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 MG/ML Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 MG/5ML Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 MG/10ML Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 20 MG/ML Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 200 MG/10ML Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 50 MG/5ML Injection, solution Parenteral 10 MG/ML Injection, solution Parenteral 100 MG/5ML Injection, solution Parenteral 100 MG/10ML Injection, solution Parenteral 200 MG/10ML Injection, solution Parenteral 50 MG/5ML Solution Epidural 0.01 G Solution Epidural 0.02 G Injection, solution Parenteral 20 MG/ML Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Tablet, extended release Oral 20 MG Tablet, extended release Oral 45 MG Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 MG/ ML Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 25 mg / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 0.01 gr Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 0.02 gr Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 50 mg / mL Solution Epidural; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 0.5 mg / mL Solution Epidural; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 mg / mL Injection Intramuscular 10 mg/0.7mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg/1mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 15 mg/1mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 5 mg/1mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 8 mg/1mL Injection Intravenous 1 mg/30mL Injection Intravenous 1 mg/1mL Injection Intravenous 10 mg/1mL Injection Intravenous 4 mg/1mL Injection Intravenous 8 mg/1mL Injection Parenteral 1 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Intravenous 1 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intraspinal; Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subarachnoid 0.5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intraspinal; Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subarachnoid 1 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous 0.5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intrathecal; Intravenous 1 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 4 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 8 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intrathecal 40 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous 0.5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 0.5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 1 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 10 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 15 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 25 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 4 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 8 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg/10mL Injection, solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 30 mg/30mL Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous 25 mg/1mL Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous 50 mg/1mL Powder Not applicable 1 g/1g Solution Oral 10 mg/0.5mL Solution Oral 10 mg/5mL Solution Oral 20 mg/5mL Solution Oral 20 mg/1mL Solution, concentrate Oral 100 mg/5mL Solution, concentrate Oral 20 mg/1mL Suppository Rectal 10 mg/1 Suppository Rectal 20 mg/1 Suppository Rectal 30 mg/1 Suppository Rectal 5 mg/1 Tablet Oral 15 mg/1 Tablet Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 15 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 200 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 15 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 15 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 200 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet Oral 200 mg/1 Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg / mL Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 15 mg / mL Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 mg / mL Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 mg / mL Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 5 mg / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 mg / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 15 mg / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 mg / mL Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 1 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 100 mg / 100 mL Solution Intravenous 5 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 50 mg / 50 mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg / 1 mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 mg / 1 mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 4 mg / 1 mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 5 mg / 1 mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 8 mg / 1 mL Solution Oral 100 mg/5mL Liquid Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 mg / mL Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 25 mg / mL Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 50 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous 25 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous 50 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous 1.1 mg / mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 mg/1ml Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 15 mg/1ml Injection Parenteral 15 mg/1ml Solution Epidural 0.5 mg / mL Solution Epidural 1 mg / mL Injection, solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg Injection Parenteral 10 MG/ML Granule, for suspension Oral 100 MG Granule, for suspension Oral 20 MG Granule, for suspension Oral 200 MG Granule, for suspension Oral 30 MG Granule, for suspension Oral 60 MG Tablet, extended release Oral 100 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 15 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 200 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 30 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 60 mg Suppository, extended release Rectal 100 mg / sup Suppository, extended release Rectal 200 mg / sup Suppository, extended release Rectal 30 mg / sup Suppository, extended release Rectal 60 mg / sup Tablet, extended release Oral 5 mg / tab Capsule, extended release Oral 120 mg / src Capsule, extended release Oral 150 mg / src Capsule, extended release Oral 200 mg / src Capsule, extended release Oral 30 mg / src Capsule, extended release Oral 60 mg / src Capsule, extended release Oral 90 mg / src Suppository Rectal 10 mg / sup Suppository Rectal 20 mg / sup Suppository Rectal 30 mg / sup Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral 10 mg Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral 20 mg Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral 30 mg Tablet, multilayer, extended release Oral 5 mg Granule, delayed release Oral 100 mg Granule, delayed release Oral 20 mg Granule, delayed release Oral 30 mg Granule, delayed release Oral 60 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 30 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 60 mg Tablet Oral 30 MG Capsule Oral 120 mg Capsule Oral 200 mg Capsule Oral 60 mg Tincture Oral 10 mg/1mL Tincture Oral 10 mg / mL Solution Oral 1 g/100mL Solution Oral 10 g/1000mL Solution Oral 10 mg/1mL Solution Oral 20 MG/ML Solution Oral 30 MG/5ML Solution Oral Solution Oral 2 mg/ml Solution / drops Oral 20 mg/ml Tablet Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 100 mg / tab Syrup Oral 2 MG/ML Liquid Oral 2 mg/5mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 MG/ML Syrup Oral 10 mg / mL Syrup Oral 20 mg / mL Solution / drops Oral 50 mg / mL Solution / drops Oral 20 mg / mL Suppository Rectal 20 mg Suppository Rectal 30 mg Suppository Rectal 5 mg Syrup Oral 1 mg/ml Syrup Oral 1 mg / mL Tablet Oral 10 mg Tablet Oral 5 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 50 mg Solution Epidural; Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 10 mg/ml Injection Parenteral 100 mg Injection Parenteral 200 mg Solution Oral 5 mg/ml Capsule, extended release Oral 120 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 20 mg Capsule, extended release Oral 40 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Depodur 15 mg/1.5 ml vial 618.18USD ml Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 120ml Bottle 95.98USD bottle Morphine Sulfate 20 mg/5ml Solution 500ml Bottle 65.05USD bottle Apokyn 30 mg/3 ml cartridge 52.48USD ml Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/5ml Solution 500ml Bottle 38.55USD bottle Kadian er 200 mg capsule 35.43USD capsule Kadian er 100 mg capsule 23.01USD capsule Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 30ml Bottle 22.99USD bottle Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/5ml Solution 100ml Bottle 21.99USD bottle Oramorph sr 60 mg tablet 21.76USD tablet Ms contin 200 mg tablet 21.5USD tablet Kadian er 80 mg capsule 18.66USD capsule Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 240ml Bottle 17.99USD bottle Avinza 90 mg capsule 17.56USD capsule Oramorph sr 100 mg tablet 17.16USD tablet Kadian 100 mg 24 Hour Capsule 16.93USD capsule MS Contin 200 mg 12 Hour tablet 16.32USD tablet Kadian 100 mg capsule sr 16.25USD capsule Kadian er 60 mg capsule 14.31USD capsule AVINza 90 mg 24 Hour Capsule 13.21USD capsule Kadian 80 mg capsule sr 12.96USD capsule Avinza 120 mg capsule 12.07USD capsule Kadian er 50 mg capsule 11.76USD capsule Ms contin 100 mg tablet 11.75USD tablet Avinza 60 mg capsule 11.58USD capsule AVINza 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule 11.33USD capsule Avinza 75 mg capsule 10.79USD capsule Morphine sulfate powder 10.61USD g Avinza 45 mg capsule 10.22USD capsule Kadian 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule 9.06USD capsule Morphine Sulfate CR 200 mg 12 Hour tablet 8.97USD tablet MS Contin 100 mg 12 Hour tablet 8.89USD tablet Morphine sulf 30 mg suppository 8.44USD suppository AVINza 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule 8.36USD capsule Ms contin 60 mg tablet 7.95USD tablet Infumorph 10 mg/ml ampul p-f 7.8USD ml Kadian 50 mg 24 Hour Capsule 7.71USD capsule Kadian er 30 mg capsule 7.13USD capsule Oramorph sr 30 mg tablet 6.83USD tablet Morphine sulf 20 mg suppository 6.71USD suppository Kadian er 10 mg capsule 6.35USD capsule Morphine sulf 10 mg suppository 6.25USD suppository Avinza 30 mg capsule 6.0USD capsule MS Contin 60 mg 12 Hour tablet 5.71USD tablet Kadian er 20 mg capsule 5.69USD capsule Ms Contin 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 5.62USD tablet Kadian 30 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.8USD capsule Kadian 20 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.76USD capsule AVINza 30 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.47USD capsule Morphine sulf 5 mg suppository 4.45USD suppository Morphine Sulfate CR 100 mg 12 Hour tablet 4.33USD tablet M-Eslon 200 mg Extended-Release Capsule 4.3USD capsule Oramorph sr 15 mg tablet 4.12USD tablet Ms contin cr 30 mg tablet 4.09USD tablet Kadian 10 mg capsule sr 4.05USD capsule Morphine Hp 50 50 mg/ml 4.01USD ml Kadian 10 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.0USD capsule Ms contin 15 mg tablet 3.58USD tablet MS Contin 30 mg 12 Hour tablet 3.26USD tablet Novo-Morphine Sr 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 3.09USD tablet Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 3.09USD tablet Ms Contin 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 3.02USD tablet Morphine Sulfate CR 60 mg 12 Hour tablet 3.0USD tablet Morphine Hp 25 25 mg/ml 2.9USD ml Statex 30 mg Suppository 2.55USD suppository Kadian 100 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 2.35USD capsule Statex 20 mg Suppository 2.32USD suppository Morphine Lp Epidural 1 mg/ml 2.24USD ml M-Eslon 100 mg Extended-Release Capsule 2.15USD capsule MS Contin 15 mg 12 Hour tablet 2.13USD tablet Ms Contin 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.98USD tablet Statex 10 mg Suppository 1.95USD suppository Morph sulf 5 mg/0.25 ml vial 1.83USD vial Statex 5 mg Suppository 1.75USD suppository Novo-Morphine Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.66USD tablet Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.66USD tablet Morphine Sulfate CR 30 mg 12 Hour tablet 1.63USD tablet Morphine 8 mg/ml ampule 1.56USD ml Kadian 50 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 1.35USD capsule Duramorph 0.5 mg/ml ampul 1.31USD ml Astramorph-pf 1 mg/ml ampul 1.15USD ml Ms Contin 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.13USD tablet Morphine Lp Epidural 0.5 mg/ml 1.12USD ml Morphine Sulfate 15 mg/ml 1.03USD ml Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/ml 1.02USD ml Novo-Morphine Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.01USD tablet Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.01USD tablet Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.01USD tablet M-Eslon 60 mg Extended-Release Capsule 1.0USD capsule Statex 50 mg/ml Drops 0.99USD ml Morphine Sulfate CR 15 mg 12 Hour tablet 0.93USD tablet Duramorph 1 mg/ml ampul 0.91USD ml M.O.S.-Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.89USD tablet Morphine 50 mg/25 ml-d5w syr 0.86USD ml Morphine-ns 10 mg/ml syringe 0.86USD ml Morphine-ns 5 mg/ml syringe 0.8USD ml Ms Contin 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.75USD tablet Morphine 5 mg/ml vial 0.74USD ml Kadian 20 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 0.73USD capsule Astramorph-pf 0.5 mg/ml amp 0.72USD ml Morphine Sulfate 15 mg tablet 0.65USD tablet Morphine Sulfate 30 mg tablet 0.65USD tablet Morphine 1 mg/ml vial p-f 0.6USD ml Morphine-ns 1 mg/ml syringe 0.58USD ml Novo-Morphine Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.57USD tablet Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.57USD tablet Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.57USD tablet M-Eslon 30 mg Extended-Release Capsule 0.56USD capsule Morphine 0.5 mg/ml vial 0.55USD ml Morphine sulfate 50 mg/ml vial 0.55USD ml Morphine sulfate ir 30 mg tablet 0.55USD tablet Ratio-Morphine 20 mg/ml Syrup 0.55USD syrup Statex 20 mg/ml Drops 0.52USD ml M.O.S.-Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.51USD tablet Morphine 1 mg/ml syringe 0.48USD ml Morphine 10 mg/ml vial 0.48USD ml Ms.Ir 30 mg Tablet 0.48USD tablet Morphine sulfate 25 mg/ml vial 0.43USD ml Morphine sulf 1 mg/ml vial 0.4USD ml M.O.S. Sulfate 50 mg Tablet 0.39USD tablet Statex 50 mg Tablet 0.39USD tablet Kadian 10 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 0.38USD capsule M-Eslon 15 mg Extended-Release Capsule 0.38USD capsule Ms.Ir 20 mg Tablet 0.38USD tablet Novo-Morphine Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.37USD tablet Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.37USD tablet Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.37USD tablet M-Eslon 10 mg Extended-Release Capsule 0.33USD capsule Morphine sulfate ir 15 mg tablet 0.32USD tablet Morphine 15 mg/ml vial 0.3USD ml Morphine-ns 25 mg/25 ml syr 0.26USD ml M.O.S. Sulfate 25 mg Tablet 0.25USD tablet Statex 25 mg Tablet 0.25USD tablet Ms.Ir 10 mg Tablet 0.21USD tablet Ratio-Morphine 10 mg/ml Syrup 0.19USD syrup M.O.S. Sulfate 10 mg Tablet 0.19USD tablet Statex 10 mg Tablet 0.19USD tablet Morphine-ns 5 mg/ml 0.16USD ml Morphine-ns 55 mg/55 ml syr 0.14USD ml Ms.Ir 5 mg Tablet 0.14USD tablet M.O.S. Sulfate 5 mg Tablet 0.12USD tablet Statex 5 mg Tablet 0.12USD tablet Morphine 1 mg/ml-d5w 100 ml 0.1USD ml Morphine-ns 150 mg/150 ml 0.1USD ml Statex 5 mg/ml Syrup 0.08USD ml Morphine 1 mg/ml-d5w 250 ml 0.06USD ml Ratio-Morphine 5 mg/ml Syrup 0.05USD syrup Ratio-Morphine 1 mg/ml Syrup 0.02USD syrup Statex 1 mg/ml Syrup 0.02USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5378474 No 1995-01-03 2010-03-23 US CA2065210 No 2000-08-29 2012-04-06 Canada 
CA2128591 No 1999-03-23 2014-07-21 Canada US6066339 No 2000-05-23 2017-11-25 US US5931809 No 1999-08-03 2015-07-14 US US5962016 No 1999-10-05 2017-01-31 US US6193998 No 2001-02-27 2016-09-01 US US5997899 No 1999-12-07 2016-09-01 US US6241999 No 2001-06-05 2016-09-01 US US5807572 No 1998-09-15 2015-09-15 US US5891467 No 1999-04-06 2017-01-31 US US6171613 No 2001-01-09 2016-10-01 US US8685443 No 2014-04-01 2025-07-03 US US8158156 No 2012-04-17 2027-06-19 US US7682633 No 2010-03-23 2027-06-19 US US8623418 No 2014-01-07 2029-11-07 US US8685444 No 2014-04-01 2025-07-03 US US8846104 No 2014-09-30 2027-06-19 US US7815934 No 2010-10-19 2027-12-12 US US7682634 No 2010-03-23 2027-06-19 US US8877247 No 2014-11-04 2027-06-19 US US9192608 No 2015-11-24 2034-03-12 US US9072781 No 2015-07-07 2034-03-12 US US9248229 No 2016-02-02 2034-03-12 US US7955619 No 2011-06-07 2028-08-12 US US9044402 No 2015-06-02 2033-07-01 US US9549899 No 2017-01-24 2033-07-01 US US10314788 No 2019-06-11 2028-08-12 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 255 °C MSDS boiling point (°C) 190ºC Lide DR. CRC Handbook of Chemistry. 2004 water solubility 149 mg/L (at 20 °C) MSDS logP 0.87 Agilent Technology. LC/MS/MS Analysis of Opiates. pKa 8.21 (at 25 °C) Agilent Technology. LC/MS/MS Analysis of Opiates. - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 10.2 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.99 ALOGPS logP 0.9 Chemaxon logS -1.4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.26 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.12 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 52.93 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 80.12 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 29.94 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 5 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9971 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9882 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8867 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8787 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8782 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.956 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.6221 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7451 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8919 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.7375 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.5191 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9046 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.647 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8155 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9176 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7503 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9132 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9634 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9944 Rat acute toxicity 2.8989 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.8367 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.874
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (9.42 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 169.4437406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 169.5998406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 171.65544 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 168.9187406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 169.7718406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 174.05101 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 168.5961406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 169.4978406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 181.08281 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- AgonistRegulator
- General Function
- Receptor for endogenous opioids such as beta-endorphin and endomorphin (PubMed:10529478, PubMed:12589820, PubMed:7891175, PubMed:7905839, PubMed:7957926, PubMed:9689128). Receptor for natural and synthetic opioids including morphine, heroin, DAMGO, fentanyl, etorphine, buprenorphin and methadone (PubMed:10529478, PubMed:10836142, PubMed:12589820, PubMed:19300905, PubMed:7891175, PubMed:7905839, PubMed:7957926, PubMed:9689128). Also activated by enkephalin peptides, such as Met-enkephalin or Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, with higher affinity for Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (By similarity). Agonist binding to the receptor induces coupling to an inactive GDP-bound heterotrimeric G-protein complex and subsequent exchange of GDP for GTP in the G-protein alpha subunit leading to dissociation of the G-protein complex with the free GTP-bound G-protein alpha and the G-protein beta-gamma dimer activating downstream cellular effectors (PubMed:7905839). The agonist- and cell type-specific activity is predominantly coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) and G(o) G alpha proteins, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3 and GNAO1 isoforms Alpha-1 and Alpha-2, and to a lesser extent to pertussis toxin-insensitive G alpha proteins GNAZ and GNA15 (PubMed:12068084). They mediate an array of downstream cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and both N-type and L-type calcium channels, activation of inward rectifying potassium channels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and regulation of NF-kappa-B (By similarity). Also couples to adenylate cyclase stimulatory G alpha proteins (By similarity). The selective temporal coupling to G-proteins and subsequent signaling can be regulated by RGSZ proteins, such as RGS9, RGS17 and RGS4 (By similarity). Phosphorylation by members of the GPRK subfamily of Ser/Thr protein kinases and association with beta-arrestins is involved in short-term receptor desensitization (By similarity). Beta-arrestins associate with the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and uncouple it from the G-protein thus terminating signal transduction (By similarity). The phosphorylated receptor is internalized through endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits which involves beta-arrestins (By similarity). The activation of the ERK pathway occurs either in a G-protein-dependent or a beta-arrestin-dependent manner and is regulated by agonist-specific receptor phosphorylation (By similarity). Acts as a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which dissociates from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergoes rapid recycling (By similarity). Receptor down-regulation pathways are varying with the agonist and occur dependent or independent of G-protein coupling (By similarity). Endogenous ligands induce rapid desensitization, endocytosis and recycling (By similarity). Heterooligomerization with other GPCRs can modulate agonist binding, signaling and trafficking properties (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- beta-endorphin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P35372
- Uniprot Name
- Mu-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44778.855 Da
References
- Yamada H, Shimoyama N, Sora I, Uhl GR, Fukuda Y, Moriya H, Shimoyama M: Morphine can produce analgesia via spinal kappa opioid receptors in the absence of mu opioid receptors. Brain Res. 2006 Apr 14;1083(1):61-9. Epub 2006 Mar 10. [Article]
- Choi HS, Kim CS, Hwang CK, Song KY, Wang W, Qiu Y, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH: The opioid ligand binding of human mu-opioid receptor is modulated by novel splice variants of the receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1132-40. Epub 2006 Mar 23. [Article]
- Castro RR, Cunha FQ, Silva FS Jr, Rocha FA: A quantitative approach to measure joint pain in experimental osteoarthritis--evidence of a role for nitric oxide. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Aug;14(8):769-76. Epub 2006 Mar 31. [Article]
- Johnson EA, Oldfield S, Braksator E, Gonzalez-Cuello A, Couch D, Hall KJ, Mundell SJ, Bailey CP, Kelly E, Henderson G: Agonist-selective mechanisms of mu-opioid receptor desensitization in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;70(2):676-85. Epub 2006 May 8. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Raffa RB: A novel approach to the pharmacology of analgesics. Am J Med. 1996 Jul 31;101(1A):40S-46S. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(96)00137-4. [Article]
- doi:10.1021/cn9000236 [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as a receptor for endogenous alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins, but has low affinity for beta-endorphins. Also functions as a receptor for various synthetic opioids and for the psychoactive diterpene salvinorin A. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain. Plays a role in mediating reduced physical activity upon treatment with synthetic opioids. Plays a role in the regulation of salivation in response to synthetic opioids. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions
- Specific Function
- dynorphin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRK1
- Uniprot ID
- P41145
- Uniprot Name
- Kappa-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 42644.665 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Leventhal L, Silva RM, Rossi GC, Pasternak GW, Bodnar RJ: Morphine-6beta-glucuronide-induced hyperphagia: characterization of opioid action by selective antagonists and antisense mapping in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):538-44. [Article]
- Kozak CA, Filie J, Adamson MC, Chen Y, Yu L: Murine chromosomal location of the mu and kappa opioid receptor genes. Genomics. 1994 Jun;21(3):659-61. [Article]
- Teodorov E, Modena CC, Sukikara MH, Felicio LF: Preliminary study of the effects of morphine treatment on opioid receptor gene expression in brain structures of the female rat. Neuroscience. 2006 Sep 1;141(3):1225-31. Epub 2006 Jun 6. [Article]
- doi:10.1021/cn9000236 [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor that functions as a receptor for endogenous enkephalins and for a subset of other opioids. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain and in opiate-mediated analgesia. Plays a role in developing analgesic tolerance to morphine
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P41143
- Uniprot Name
- Delta-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 40368.235 Da
References
- Yamada H, Shimoyama N, Sora I, Uhl GR, Fukuda Y, Moriya H, Shimoyama M: Morphine can produce analgesia via spinal kappa opioid receptors in the absence of mu opioid receptors. Brain Res. 2006 Apr 14;1083(1):61-9. Epub 2006 Mar 10. [Article]
- Dortch-Carnes J, Russell KR: Morphine-induced reduction of intraocular pressure and pupil diameter: role of nitric oxide. Pharmacology. 2006;77(1):17-24. Epub 2006 Mar 13. [Article]
- Koch T, Wu DF, Yang LQ, Brandenburg LO, Hollt V: Role of phospholipase D2 in the agonist-induced and constitutive endocytosis of G-protein coupled receptors. J Neurochem. 2006 Apr;97(2):365-72. Epub 2006 Mar 15. [Article]
- Galeotti N, Stefano GB, Guarna M, Bianchi E, Ghelardini C: Signaling pathway of morphine induced acute thermal hyperalgesia in mice. Pain. 2006 Aug;123(3):294-305. Epub 2006 May 2. [Article]
- Asensio VJ, Miralles A, Garcia-Sevilla JA: Stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEK1/2) by mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists in the rat brain: regulation by chronic morphine and opioid withdrawal. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Jun 6;539(1-2):49-56. Epub 2006 Apr 6. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C: Exploring the opioid system by gene knockout. Prog Neurobiol. 2002 Apr;66(5):285-306. [Article]
- doi:10.1021/cn9000236 [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Activator
- General Function
- Binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (PubMed:17569869, PubMed:17803912). Cooperates with TLR4 in the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and with TLR2 in the response to cell wall components from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:11160242, PubMed:11593030). Enhances TLR4-dependent activation of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:10359581). Cells expressing both LY96 and TLR4, but not TLR4 alone, respond to LPS (PubMed:10359581)
- Specific Function
- coreceptor activity
- Gene Name
- LY96
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6Y9
- Uniprot Name
- Lymphocyte antigen 96
- Molecular Weight
- 18545.345 Da
References
- Hutchinson MR, Lewis SS, Coats BD, Rezvani N, Zhang Y, Wieseler JL, Somogyi AA, Yin H, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR: Possible involvement of toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2 activity of opioid inactive isomers causes spinal proinflammation and related behavioral consequences. Neuroscience. 2010 May 19;167(3):880-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.011. Epub 2010 Feb 21. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Projean D, Morin PE, Tu TM, Ducharme J: Identification of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 as the major cytochrome P450 s responsible for morphine N-demethylation in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica. 2003 Aug;33(8):841-54. doi: 10.1080/0049825031000121608 . [Article]
- Daily EB, Aquilante CL: Cytochrome P450 2C8 pharmacogenetics: a review of clinical studies. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Sep;10(9):1489-510. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.82. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Projean D, Morin PE, Tu TM, Ducharme J: Identification of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 as the major cytochrome P450 s responsible for morphine N-demethylation in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica. 2003 Aug;33(8):841-54. doi: 10.1080/0049825031000121608 . [Article]
- Takeda S, Ishii Y, Mackenzie PI, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y, Oguri K, Yamada H: Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 function by cytochrome P450s in vitro: differential effects of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Oct;28(10):2026-7. [Article]
- Daily EB, Aquilante CL: Cytochrome P450 2C8 pharmacogenetics: a review of clinical studies. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Sep;10(9):1489-510. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.82. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:10702251, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:2159463, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also regulates the levels of retinoic acid, a major metabolite of vitamin A involved in apoptosis, cellular growth and differentiation, and embryonic development (PubMed:10702251). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B7
- Uniprot ID
- P16662
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
- Molecular Weight
- 60720.15 Da
References
- Coffman BL, Rios GR, King CD, Tephly TR: Human UGT2B7 catalyzes morphine glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Jan;25(1):1-4. [Article]
- Takeda S, Ishii Y, Iwanaga M, Mackenzie PI, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y, Oguri K, Yamada H: Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase function by cytochrome P450: evidence for the alteration of UGT2B7-catalyzed glucuronidation of morphine by CYP3A4. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;67(3):665-72. Epub 2004 Dec 20. [Article]
- Yamada H, Ishii K, Ishii Y, Ieiri I, Nishio S, Morioka T, Oguri K: Formation of highly analgesic morphine-6-glucuronide following physiologic concentration of morphine in human brain. J Toxicol Sci. 2003 Dec;28(5):395-401. [Article]
- Abildskov K, Weldy P, Garland M: Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.030635. Epub 2010 Jan 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol, estrone and estriol (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Involved in the glucuronidation of bilirubin, a degradation product occurring in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates (PubMed:17187418, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:24525562). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:20610558)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Ohno S, Kawana K, Nakajin S: Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A8 to morphine-6-glucuronidation and its kinetic properties. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Apr;36(4):688-94. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.019281. Epub 2008 Jan 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19545173, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:23288867). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens and estrogens (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Produces dihydrotestosterone (DHT) diglucuronide from the DHT after two subsequent glucoronidation steps (PubMed:16595710). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAW9
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8
- Molecular Weight
- 59741.035 Da
References
- Ohno S, Kawana K, Nakajin S: Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A8 to morphine-6-glucuronidation and its kinetic properties. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Apr;36(4):688-94. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.019281. Epub 2008 Jan 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:7835232, PubMed:9295060). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:7835232). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (testosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:7835232, PubMed:9295060). Displays glucuronidation activity toward several classes of xenobiotic substrates, including phenolic compounds (eugenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl) and phenylpropanoids (naringenin, coumarins) (PubMed:7835232). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of monoterpenoid alcohols such as borneol, menthol and isomenthol, a class of natural compounds used in essential oils (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B15
- Uniprot ID
- P54855
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15
- Molecular Weight
- 61035.815 Da
References
- Abildskov K, Weldy P, Garland M: Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.030635. Epub 2010 Jan 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of the endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estriol (PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B4
- Uniprot ID
- P06133
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4
- Molecular Weight
- 60512.035 Da
References
- Abildskov K, Weldy P, Garland M: Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.030635. Epub 2010 Jan 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:24641623). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of calcidiol, which is the major circulating form of vitamin D3, essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:24641623). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonists losartan, candesartan and zolarsartan, which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A3
- Uniprot ID
- P35503
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3
- Molecular Weight
- 60337.835 Da
References
- Green MD, King CD, Mojarrabi B, Mackenzie PI, Tephly TR: Glucuronidation of amines and other xenobiotics catalyzed by expressed human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):507-12. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Zhou R, Perez-Aguilar JM, Meng Q, Saven JG, Liu R: Opioid binding sites in human serum albumin. Anesth Analg. 2012 Jan;114(1):122-8. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318232e922. Epub 2011 Oct 24. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. [Article]
- Troutman MD, Thakker DR: Novel experimental parameters to quantify the modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds by P-glycoprotein in cell culture models of intestinal epithelium. Pharm Res. 2003 Aug;20(8):1210-24. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Morphine Sulfate Oral Tablets [Link]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 17, 2024 17:13