Lutein

Identification

Generic Name
Lutein
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00137
Background

Lutein is an xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
Structure
Weight
Average: 568.886
Monoisotopic: 568.428031043
Chemical Formula
C40H56O2
Synonyms
  • Xanthophyll
  • Xantofyl
External IDs
  • E 161
  • E-161B
  • E-161B(I)
  • INS NO.161B(I)
  • INS-161B(I)

Pharmacology

Indication

Xanthophylls are taken for nutritional supplementation, and also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.

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Associated Therapies
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Pharmacodynamics

Lutein was found to be present in a concentrated area of the macula, a small area of the retina responsible for central vision. The hypothesis for the natural concentration is that lutein helps protect from oxidative stress and high-energy light. Several studies show that an increase in macula pigmentation decreases the risk for eye diseases such as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD).

Mechanism of action

Xanthophylls have antioxidant activity and react with active oxygen species, producing biologically active degradation products. They also can inhibit peroxidation of membrane phospholipids and reduce lipofuscin formation, both of which contribute to their antioxidant properties. Lutein is naturally present in the macula of the human retina. It filters out potentially phototoxic blue light and near-ultraviolet radiation from the macula. The protective effect is due in part, to the reactive oxygen species quenching ability of these carotenoids. Lutein is more stable to decomposition by pro-oxidants than are other carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lycopene. Lutein is abundant in the region surrounding the fovea, and lutein is the predominant pigment at the outermost periphery of the macula. Zeaxanthin, which is fully conjugated (lutein is not), may offer somewhat better protection than lutein against phototoxic damage caused by blue and near-ultraviolet light radiation. Lutein is one of only two carotenoids that have been identified in the human lens, may be protective against age-related increases in lens density and cataract formation. Again, the possible protection afforded by lutein may be accounted for, in part, by its reactive oxygen species scavenging abilities. Carotenoids also provide protection from cancer. One of the mechanisms of this is by increasing the expression of the protein connexin-43, thereby stimulating gap junctional communication and preventing unrestrained cell proliferation.

Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Take with foods containing vitamin C. Taking lutein with vitamin C may increase the rate of absorption of lutein. Taking lutein with carotenoids or naringenin may reduce lutein absorption.

Products

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Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Doctor Super LuteinCapsule20 g/100gOralHealth-Love Co.2016-01-302018-02-12US flag
Noon for KidsPowder10 mg/2gOralWholesum Brands Co., Ltd.2022-03-01Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Furryden Dental Easy GreenLutein (0.01 g/100mL) + Chicken (6 g/100mL)Gum, chewingOralWelpenschutz Inc.2023-02-17Not applicableUS flag
Ocuvite LuteinLutein (2 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Copper (2 mg) + Selenium (55 mcg) + Vitamin A (1000 IU) + Vitamin E (60 IU) + Zinc (40 mg)TabletOralBausch & Lomb (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.2015-12-172017-01-19Malaysia flag
Vista Advanced AREDS2 FormulaLutein (5 mg/966.47mg) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg/966.47mg) + Copper gluconate (1 mg/966.47mg) + Glutathione (25 mg/966.47mg) + Selenium (0.0275 mg/966.47mg) + Vitamin E (137.5 mg/966.47mg) + Zeaxanthin (1 mg/966.47mg)CapsuleOralRed Wedding LLC2020-09-01Not applicableUS flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Doctor Super LuteinLutein (20 g/100g)CapsuleOralHealth-Love Co.2016-01-302018-02-12US flag
Furryden Dental Easy GreenLutein (0.01 g/100mL) + Chicken (6 g/100mL)Gum, chewingOralWelpenschutz Inc.2023-02-17Not applicableUS flag
MacuvexLutein (5 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg/1) + Copper (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Zeaxanthin (1 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (40 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (200 [iU]/1)CapsuleOralSterling-knight Pharmaceuticals,LLC2014-11-162015-07-28US flag
MacuzinLutein (10 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (400 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Zeaxanthin (2 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (80 mg/1)CapsuleOralSterling-Knight Pharmaceuticals, LLC2015-04-302018-07-30US flag
Noon for KidsLutein (10 mg/2g)PowderOralWholesum Brands Co., Ltd.2022-03-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthophylls. These are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
Class
Prenol lipids
Sub Class
Tetraterpenoids
Direct Parent
Xanthophylls
Alternative Parents
Secondary alcohols / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Alcohol / Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic oxygen compound / Organooxygen compound / Secondary alcohol / Xanthophyll
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
carotenol (CHEBI:28838) / C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes), Carotenoids (C08601) / C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes) (LMPR01070274)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
X72A60C9MT
CAS number
127-40-2
InChI Key
KBPHJBAIARWVSC-RGZFRNHPSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C40H56O2/c1-29(17-13-19-31(3)21-23-37-33(5)25-35(41)27-39(37,7)8)15-11-12-16-30(2)18-14-20-32(4)22-24-38-34(6)26-36(42)28-40(38,9)10/h11-25,35-37,41-42H,26-28H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,17-13+,18-14+,23-21+,24-22+,29-15+,30-16+,31-19+,32-20+/t35-,36+,37-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(1R,4R)-4-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-18-[(4R)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol
SMILES
C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@H]1C(C)=C[C@H](O)CC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)C[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C

References

Synthesis Reference

Helmut Auweter, Heribert Bohn, Erik Luddecke, "Stable, aqueous dispersions and stable, water-dispersible dry xanthophyll powder, their production and use." U.S. Patent US6296877, issued September, 1994.

US6296877
General References
  1. Namitha KK, Negi PS: Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Sep;50(8):728-60. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.499811. [Article]
  2. Ma L, Lin XM: Effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on aspects of eye health. J Sci Food Agric. 2010 Jan 15;90(1):2-12. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3785. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0003233
KEGG Compound
C08601
PubChem Compound
5281243
PubChem Substance
46508835
ChemSpider
4444655
RxNav
11359
ChEBI
28838
ChEMBL
CHEMBL173929
ZINC
ZINC000008221225
PharmGKB
PA164748318
PDBe Ligand
LUT
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Xanthophyll
MSDS
Download (73.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedPreventionMacular Pigment Optical Density1
3CompletedTreatmentAge - Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) / Cataracts1
3CompletedTreatmentRetinitis Pigmentosa (RP)1
2CompletedPreventionNutrient Deficiency / Pregnancy Related1
2CompletedTreatmentMacular Degeneration1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, coatedOral
CapsuleOral20 g/100g
Gum, chewingOral
PowderOral10 mg/2g
CapsuleOral
TabletOral
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Liquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)196 °CPhysProp
water solubilityInsolubleNot Available
logP7.9Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.000732 mg/mLALOGPS
logP8.29ALOGPS
logP8.55Chemaxon
logS-5.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)18.22Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.91Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area40.46 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity195.06 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability73.81 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9972
Blood Brain Barrier+0.6588
Caco-2 permeable+0.7904
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5199
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.5819
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8202
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.876
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8299
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8408
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6607
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9079
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7723
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9368
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.5225
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8808
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.6267
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8391
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7489
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9655
Rat acute toxicity2.5006 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9273
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8259
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0132980000-01344cbac141a118e4bb
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-016s-0105090000-88cd9f94c47582959a90
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02ta-0229270000-6df314638f5c8eee951e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02bb-0132960000-a2c2c6637fd49edca579
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gya-0169250000-46f733068b9def337225
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0wpi-0033910000-de27a299c90cd2b0475c
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-323.3535396
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-324.8932396
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-272.0651
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+325.5485396
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+327.3002396
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+273.7183
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+325.2195396
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+279.87515
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Zsila F, Nadolski G, Lockwood SF: Association studies of aggregated aqueous lutein diphosphate with human serum albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein in vitro: evidence from circular dichroism and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Jul 15;16(14):3797-801. Epub 2006 May 5. [Article]
  2. Yemelyanov AY, Katz NB, Bernstein PS: Ligand-binding characterization of xanthophyll carotenoids to solubilized membrane proteins derived from human retina. Exp Eye Res. 2001 Apr;72(4):381-92. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 19:36