Pyridoxine

Identification

Summary

Pyridoxine is a vitamin used to correct vitamin B6 deficiency and to treat nausea during pregnancy.

Brand Names
Alertonic, Animi-3 With Vitamin D, Bonjesta, Citranatal B-calm Kit, Citranatal Harmony, Concept Ob, Diclectin, Diclegis, Folbic, Foltabs, Fortaplex, Infuvite, Infuvite Pediatric, Irospan 24/6 Kit, Isotamine B, Mvc-fluoride, Mvi Pediatric, Natafort, Neo-bex, Pregvit, Tandem Plus, Vitafol-one
Generic Name
Pyridoxine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00165
Background

Pyridoxine is the 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, an important water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. As its classification as a vitamin implies, Vitamin B6 (and pyridoxine) are essential nutrients required for normal functioning of many biological systems within the body. While many plants and microorganisms are able to synthesize pyridoxine through endogenous biological processes, animals must obtain it through their diet.

More specifically, pyridoxine is converted to pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the body, which is an important coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. It's important to note that Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate. Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine 1.

Vitamin B6, principally in its biologically active coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 2.

Pyridoxine is used medically for the treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and for the prophylaxis of isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy (due to Isoniazid's mechanism of action which competitively inhibits the action of pyridoxine in the above-mentioned metabolic functions). It is also used in combination with Doxylamine (as the commercially available product Diclectin) for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical, Vet approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 169.1778
Monoisotopic: 169.073893223
Chemical Formula
C8H11NO3
Synonyms
  • 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine
  • 3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine
  • 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-α-picoline
  • 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol
  • Piridoxina
  • Pyridoxine
  • Pyridoxinum
  • Pyridoxol
  • Vitamin B6

Pharmacology

Indication

Pyridoxine is indicated for the treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and for the prophylaxis of Isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy. It is also approved by Health Canada for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in a combination product with Doxylamine (as the commercially available product Diclectin).

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment ofBackacheCombination Product in combination with: Thiamine (DB00152), Cyanocobalamin (DB00115), Acetaminophen (DB00316)••• ••••••••••• ••••••• •••• ••••••
Used in combination for prophylaxis ofDizzinessCombination Product in combination with: Meclizine (DB00737)••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment ofDizzinessCombination Product in combination with: Meclizine (DB00737)••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment ofDizzinessCombination Product in combination with: Meclizine (DB00737)••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for prophylaxis ofDizzinessCombination Product in combination with: Meclizine (DB00737)••••••••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities.

Mechanism of action

Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in its biologically active coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

TargetActionsOrganism
APyridoxal kinase
ligand
Humans
Absorption

The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Pyridoxine is absorbed mainly in the jejunum. The Cmax of pyridoxine is achieved within 5.5 hours.

Volume of distribution

Pyridoxine main active metabolite, pyridoxal 5’-phosphate, is released into the circulation (accounting for at least 60% of circulating vitamin B6) and is highly protein bound, primarily to albumin.

Protein binding

Pyridoxine main active metabolite, pyridoxal 5’-phosphate, is released into the circulation (accounting for at least 60% of circulating vitamin B6) and is highly protein bound, primarily to albumin.

Metabolism

Pyridoxine is a prodrug primarily metabolized in the liver. The metabolic scheme for pyridoxine is complex, with formation of primary and secondary metabolites along with interconversion back to pyridoxine. Pyridoxine's major metabolite is 4-pyridoxic acid.

Route of elimination

The major metabolite of pyridoxine, 4-pyridoxic acid, is inactive and is excreted in urine

Half-life

The total adult body pool consists of 16 to 25 mg of pyridoxine. Its half-life appears to be 15 to 20 days.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral Rat LD50 = 4 gm/kg. Toxic effects include convulsions, dyspnea, hypermotility, diarrhea, ataxia and muscle weakness.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Vitamin B6 MetabolismMetabolic
HypophosphatasiaDisease
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirPyridoxine may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AceclofenacAceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Pyridoxine which could result in a higher serum level.
AcemetacinAcemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Pyridoxine which could result in a higher serum level.
AcetazolamideAcetazolamide may increase the excretion rate of Pyridoxine which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Acetylsalicylic acidAcetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Pyridoxine which could result in a higher serum level.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Pyridoxine hydrochloride68Y4CF58BV58-56-0ZUFQODAHGAHPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Becilan / Beesix / Benadon / Bonasanit / Hexa-Betalin / Hexobion / Nestrex
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Pyridoxine HCl Inj 100mg/mlLiquid100 mg / mLIntramuscular; IntravenousKripps Pharmacy Ltd.1979-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Injection 100mg/mlSolution100 mg / mLIntramuscular; IntravenousHospira Healthcare Ulc1981-12-312018-09-10Canada flag
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Injection USP 100 mg/mlSolution100 mg / mLIntramuscular; IntravenousAlveda Pharmaceuticals IncNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Injection, USPSolution100 mg / mLIntramuscular; IntravenousMylan Pharmaceuticals2002-06-01Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Pyridoxine HciInjection, solution100 mg/1mLIntramuscular; IntravenousHF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst2019-10-08Not applicableUS flag
Pyridoxine HydrochlorideInjection, solution100 mg/1mLIntramuscular; IntravenousFresenius Kabi USA, LLC1972-08-14Not applicableUS flag
Pyridoxine HydrochlorideInjection, solution100 mg/1mLIntramuscular; IntravenousMylan Institutional LLC2016-09-012018-04-30US flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
B-6 500mg Continuous ReleasedTablet, extended release500 mg / tabOralGahler Enterprises Ltd.1981-12-312007-08-07Canada flag
B-6 Caps 250mgCapsule250 mg / capOralTwin Laboratories Inc.1995-12-311999-11-10Canada flag
B6 100mg Pyridoxine HClTablet100 mgOralWn Pharmaceuticals Ltd.2001-10-012009-09-28Canada flag
B6 25 Tab 25mgTablet25 mg / tabOralLe Naturiste J.M.B. Inc.1990-12-311997-07-23Canada flag
B6 250 Caplet 250mgTablet250 mg / tabOralHealth Wise Nutrition Inc.1996-11-131997-08-07Canada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
24 Multivitamins + MineralsPyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)TabletOralStanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.1997-04-302002-07-31Canada flag
50 PlusPyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Biotin (20 mcg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (20 unit)TabletOralQuest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products1998-08-042001-07-06Canada flag
50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & MineralsPyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Biotin (45 mcg) + Calcium (200 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg)TabletOralGfr Pharma Ltd.2002-10-202004-06-15Canada flag
A.R.T.H. Away FormulaPyridoxine hydrochloride (0.5 mg) + Calcium (24 mg) + Cholecalciferol (45 unit) + Copper (0.232 mg) + Folic acid (0.025 mg) + Manganese (0.58 mg) + Selenium (1.54 mcg) + Zinc (0.63 mg)CapsuleOralAbundance Naturally Ltd1999-02-012006-06-16Canada flag
Acetabolan III Vitamin and Mineral SupplementPyridoxine hydrochloride (2.63 mg) + Ascorbic acid (250.0 mg) + Magnesium (112.5 mg) + Zinc (7.5 mg)CapsuleOralIovate Health Sciences International Inc.2003-12-052007-07-18Canada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Active FEPyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)TabletOralGm Pharmaceuticals2013-11-11Not applicableUS flag
Active OBPyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (320 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (30 mg/1)Capsule, liquid filledOralGm Pharmaceuticals2013-10-282017-03-31US flag
Animi-3Pyridoxine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (500 ug/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (35 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/1) + Soy sterol (200 mg/1)CapsuleOralPbm Pharmaceuticals Inc.2011-06-01Not applicableUS flag
Animi-3 with Vitamin DPyridoxine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (500 ug/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (35 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/1) + Soy sterol (200 mg/1)CapsuleOralPbm Pharmaceuticals Inc.2011-06-01Not applicableUS flag
Av-VITE FBPyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (2.5 mg/1)TabletOralAv Kare, Inc.2015-11-052016-01-13US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
J04AM08 — Isoniazid, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and pyridoxineA11HA02 — Pyridoxine (vit b6)
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxines. These are pyridoxal derivatives in which the carbaldehyde group at position 2 of the pyridoxal moiety is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Pyridines and derivatives
Sub Class
Pyridoxines
Direct Parent
Pyridoxines
Alternative Parents
Methylpyridines / Hydroxypyridines / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
Substituents
Alcohol / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hydroxypyridine / Methylpyridine / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxygen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monohydroxypyridine, methylpyridines, vitamin B6, hydroxymethylpyridine (CHEBI:16709) / Water-soluble vitamins (C00314) / a vitamin B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
KV2JZ1BI6Z
CAS number
65-23-6
InChI Key
LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3
IUPAC Name
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
SMILES
CC1=C(O)C(CO)=C(CO)C=N1

References

Synthesis Reference

Harumi Kita, "Production of pyridoxine." U.S. Patent US4339586, issued October, 1972.

US4339586
General References
  1. Sang Y, Barbosa JM, Wu H, Locy RD, Singh NK: Identification of a pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5'-phosphate oxidase from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 2007 Feb 6;581(3):344-8. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.028. Epub 2007 Jan 3. [Article]
  2. Tambasco-Studart M, Titiz O, Raschle T, Forster G, Amrhein N, Fitzpatrick TB: Vitamin B6 biosynthesis in higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 20;102(38):13687-92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506228102. Epub 2005 Sep 12. [Article]
  3. Cohen M, Bendich A: Safety of pyridoxine--a review of human and animal studies. Toxicol Lett. 1986 Dec;34(2-3):129-39. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(86)90202-x. [Article]
  4. DailyMed: Pyridoxine hydrochloride tablets [Link]
  5. FDA Approved Products: Diclegis (doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride) [Link]
  6. Vitamin B6: Health professionals fact sheet [Link]
  7. Pyridoxine, DailyMed [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0000239
KEGG Compound
C00314
PubChem Compound
1054
PubChem Substance
46508560
ChemSpider
1025
BindingDB
50103505
RxNav
42954
ChEBI
16709
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1364
ZINC
ZINC000000049154
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000869
PharmGKB
PA451897
PDBe Ligand
UEG
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Pyridoxine
PDB Entries
4c5l / 4c5n / 5eb3 / 6k91
FDA label
Download (516 KB)
MSDS
Download (51.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Akorn inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Bel mar laboratories inc
  • Dell laboratories inc
  • Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
  • Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Accucaps Industries Ltd.
  • Alaven Pharmaceutical
  • Allan Pharmaceutical LLC
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
  • Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
  • Chemins Co. Inc.
  • Consolidated Midland Corp.
  • Contract Pharm
  • CVS Pharmacy
  • Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Everett Laboratories Inc.
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • J T Baker
  • Key Co.
  • KV Pharmaceutical Co.
  • Larken Laboratories Inc.
  • Martica Enterprises Inc.
  • Martin Surgical Supply
  • Mason Distributors
  • Midlothian Labs
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Nexgen Pharma Inc.
  • Pamlab LLC
  • Particle Dynamics Co.
  • Patheon Inc.
  • Perrigo Co.
  • Pharmetics Inc.
  • Phoenix Labs Rising LLC
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • PlusPharma Inc.
  • Prescript Pharmaceuticals
  • Primedics Laboratories
  • Provident Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Puretek Corp.
  • Red River Pharma Manufacturing
  • Respa Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Rising Pharmaceuticals
  • River's Edge Pharmaceuticals
  • Rugby Laboratories
  • Sciele Pharma Inc.
  • SJ Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Upsher Smith Laboratories
  • US Pharmaceutical Corp.
  • Walgreen Co.
  • Zylera Pharmaceuticals LLC
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular
Capsule; liquidOral
CapsuleOral
LiquidCutaneous
SolutionIntramuscular
SolutionIntravenous1.914 mg
Bar, chewableOral
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous250 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral500 mg / tab
PatchTransdermal
Tablet, extended releaseOral400 mg / tab
TabletOral40 mg
CapsuleOral100 mg / cap
Tablet, sugar coatedOral300 MG
TabletOral40.000 mg
Tablet, delayed release
Tablet, coated
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Powder, for solutionIntravenous
Injection, solution
Suppository
Tablet, delayed releaseOral
Tablet, delayed releaseOral300 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral300 mg
SolutionParenteral5.000 g
Granule, effervescentOral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular
SuppositoryRectal
Capsule, liquid filledOral50 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral
TabletOral2 mg / tab
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
Injection, solutionParenteral
Kit; tablet; tablet, film coatedOral
SolutionIntramuscular100.000 mg
SolutionParenteral4.00 mg
Tablet, coatedOral50 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular
Tablet, film coated
SyrupOral
Capsule
SprayTopical
CapsuleCutaneous; Oral
Tablet, delayed releaseOral10 mg
SolutionIntramuscular75.000 mg
TabletOral50 mg
SolutionParenteral100.000 mg
SolutionIntramuscular1.000 mg
TabletOral0.250 mg
TabletOral1.000 mg
TabletOral1.00 mg
TabletOral50.000 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral
Paste, dentifriceTopical
Tablet, sugar coatedOral
LiquidOral
Tablet
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tabletOral
TabletOral8.45 mg / tab
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous
TabletOral50.0000 mg
TabletOral100.000 mg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral75 mcg
GelOral
Tablet, coatedOral150 mcg
TabletOral17 mg
Tablet, coatedOral
PatchTopical
TabletOral6 mg
TabletOral8.33 mg / tab
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous300 mg/2ml
Injection300 mg/2mL
InjectionIntramuscular
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
LozengeOral
Injection, solution, concentrate; kitIntravenous
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous
KitIntravenous
CreamTopical
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular
LiquidTopical
ElixirOral
Tablet, chewableOral
SolutionIntravenous
SolutionOral
TabletOral
LiquidIntravenous
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tabletOral
SolutionParenteral200 mg
SolutionParenteral
Injection
Tablet, sugar coatedOral100 mcg
Tablet, film coatedOral1000 mcg
Tablet; tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral200 mcg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral250 mcg
Gum, chewingOral
Injection, solutionParenteral25 MG
Capsule, delayed releaseOral
SolutionParenteral15.000 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral100 mcg
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, film coatedOral
Powder
Injection, solution; kitIntravenous
Injection, solutionIntravenous
PasteDental
Capsule, liquid filledOral100 mg
Tablet, coatedOral50 mg
SolutionParenteral100 mg
InjectionParenteral
Suspension / dropsOral
Solution / dropsOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
PillOral
Injection
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous100 mg / mL
TabletOral25 mg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous100 mg/1mL
TabletOral25 mg/1
TabletOral50 mg/1
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous100 mg / mL
WaferOral
Tablet, effervescentOral
TabletOral250.000 mg
TabletOral20 MG
Syrup
Capsule; kit; tablet, coatedOral
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous100 mg
Powder, for solutionOral
TabletOral300 mg
Liquid; tabletOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral
Kit; tablet; tablet, coatedOral
SolutionIntramuscular5.0000 mg
SolutionParenteral75.000 mg
Injection, solution
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionParenteral
Capsule; kit; tablet, film coatedOral
Capsule, coatedOral
CapsuleOral0.50 mg
Capsule; kit; tabletOral
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, solution200 mg
Injection, solution250 mg
Injection, solution50 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral100 mg / tab
TabletOral50 mg / tab
CapsuleOral250 mg / cap
StripOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kitOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous
InjectionIntravenous
CapsuleOral100 mg
TabletOral17 mg / tab
CapsuleOral200 mg
TabletOral200 mg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
TabletOral
CapsuleOral3.5 mg / cap
Tablet, film coatedOral40 MG
TabletOral250 mg / tab
TabletOral250 mg
Capsule, coatedOral100 mg
TabletOral100 mg / tab
TabletOral100 mg
TabletOral25 mg / tab
KitOral
SolutionIntramuscular100.00 mg
SolutionIntramuscular15.000 mg
PowderOral
GranuleOral
Tablet, film coatedOral50 mg
Injection, solution100 mg/1ml
TabletOral10 mg
TabletOral50 mg
Solution
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Pyridoxine HCl 100 50 mg tablet Bottle12.99USD bottle
Pyridoxine HCl 100 mg/ml vial11.69USD vial
Pyridoxine 100 mg/ml vial10.79USD ml
Pyridoxine hcl crystals6.94USD g
Pyridoxine 500 mg tablet0.18USD tablet
Pyridoxine 25 mg tablet0.14USD tablet
Neuro k 500 mg tablet0.13USD tablet
Pyridoxine 250 mg tablet0.13USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin b-6 200 mg tablet0.07USD tablet
Neuro-k 250 mg tablet0.06USD tablet
Pyridoxine 50 mg tablet0.06USD tablet
Vitamin b-6 100 mg tablet0.04USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin b-6 100 mg tablet0.03USD tablet
Pyridoxine 100 mg tablet0.03USD tablet
Vitamin b6 50 mg tablet0.03USD tablet
Vitamin b-6 50 mg tablet0.03USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin b-6 50 mg tablet0.02USD tablet
Vitamin b-6 25 mg tablet0.02USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6340695No2002-01-222021-06-21US flag
US7560122No2009-07-142019-01-25US flag
US9526703No2016-12-272033-02-18US flag
US9375404No2016-06-282033-02-18US flag
US9089489No2015-07-282033-02-18US flag
US9937132No2018-04-102033-02-18US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)159-162 °CPhysProp
water solubility2.2E+005 mg/LNot Available
logP-0.77SANGSTER (1993)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility16.1 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.57ALOGPS
logP-0.95Chemaxon
logS-1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.4Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.58Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area73.58 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity44.11 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability17.11 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9728
Blood Brain Barrier+0.6889
Caco-2 permeable-0.8958
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5579
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9723
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9221
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8177
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7386
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.781
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7104
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.923
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8648
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.695
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9418
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.5678
Rat acute toxicity1.6573 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8454
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8734
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-000t-0940000000-30b4702623a6d8fcb4bb
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)GC-MSsplash10-001j-0690000000-0581e2b42fa48c1ea498
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-9330000000-32929ff06762b9f5887f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-001i-0490000000-34a09ddbbb462aeb02a6
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0f79-0900000000-0f727b3e23c2481951e8
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-0f6x-9400000000-486db54a30b61c2eb9d4
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-000t-0940000000-30b4702623a6d8fcb4bb
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-001j-0690000000-0581e2b42fa48c1ea498
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00di-9330000000-32929ff06762b9f5887f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-001i-0490000000-34a09ddbbb462aeb02a6
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-001j-0790000000-6f8f6e679e03f9119a65
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-1003-6900000000-1237eaf82dfadfd54d4b
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0vi0-0900000000-bd0de86c072765a5caad
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-3900000000-2018b406a3c75213b733
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0059-9200000000-e69bb531deb2a103a476
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f6x-9400000000-77c43a946c4ae1abf3b9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-479d4492cc8d634fa366
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-486d6a4e5e1a731b7c54
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-05fr-0900000000-4ef09ce9c04561a1085e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-1900000000-3298adf6db36689d5d43
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6r-7900000000-6711954ee96f08344434
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-234e90d43a7febd7a098
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-137080765c0035b45258
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-882ee900a8bba08e2c7c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-003r-8900000000-e0e11797b63cea991d81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0059-9100000000-c25384179219411af02c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ue9-0900000000-c0e149ce890192397b7f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0v4i-0900000000-f9f378af3d47ab006806
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-479d4492cc8d634fa366
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-486d6a4e5e1a731b7c54
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-05fr-0900000000-4ef09ce9c04561a1085e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-1900000000-3298adf6db36689d5d43
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6r-7900000000-6711954ee96f08344434
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0v4i-0900000000-f9f378af3d47ab006806
MS/MS Spectrum - , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uxr-0900000000-dd61975d762fdc6e1e95
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-234e90d43a7febd7a098
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-137080765c0035b45258
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-882ee900a8bba08e2c7c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-003r-8900000000-ffea92733494372f905d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0059-9100000000-ef6ae8502e892d6053f0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ue9-0900000000-c0e149ce890192397b7f
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-99bef4a72e90ec8f7ea6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-c2880b9334ecd8468427
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05n0-0900000000-a8c164a91ec1e268bc87
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0fl0-0900000000-cc6cb566426df931dcd6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-0900000000-87a2b8da3630c27899f7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ue9-1900000000-95b42e87c91a37277ebd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0abc-4900000000-ab5f54c50997d2c3939a
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-138.8527961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-138.6959961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-133.15846
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+139.2779961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+139.4088961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+136.98581
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+139.0034961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+138.7445961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+146.13814
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Ligand
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Required for synthesis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate from vitamin B6.
Gene Name
PDXK
Uniprot ID
O00764
Uniprot Name
Pyridoxal kinase
Molecular Weight
35102.105 Da
References
  1. Adams JB, George F, Audhya T: Abnormally high plasma levels of vitamin B6 in children with autism not taking supplements compared to controls not taking supplements. J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):59-63. [Article]
  2. Newman JA, Das SK, Sedelnikova SE, Rice DW: The crystal structure of an ADP complex of Bacillus subtilis pyridoxal kinase provides evidence for the parallel emergence of enzyme activity during evolution. J Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 20;363(2):520-30. Epub 2006 Aug 12. [Article]
  3. Kim SY, An JJ, Kim DW, Choi SH, Lee SH, Hwang SI, Kwon OS, Kang TC, Won MH, Cho SW, Park J, Eum WS, Lee KS, Choi SY: Tat-mediated protein transduction of human brain pyridoxine-5-P oxidase into PC12 cells. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 31;39(1):76-83. [Article]
  4. Nagahashi Y, Tazoe M, Hoshino T: Cloning of the pyridoxine 5'-phosphate phosphatase gene (pdxP) and vitamin B6 production in pdxP recombinant Sinorhizobium meliloti. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008 Feb;72(2):421-7. Epub 2008 Feb 7. [Article]
  5. Musayev FN, di Salvo ML, Ko TP, Gandhi AK, Goswami A, Schirch V, Safo MK: Crystal Structure of human pyridoxal kinase: structural basis of M(+) and M(2+) activation. Protein Sci. 2007 Oct;16(10):2184-94. doi: 10.1110/ps.073022107. Epub 2007 Aug 31. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
Curator comments
These data have been found in mouse animal model studies. Relevance to humans is unknown.
General Function
Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID
P04798
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A1
Molecular Weight
58164.815 Da
References
  1. Tangjarukij C, Navasumrit P, Zelikoff JT, Ruchirawat M: The effects of pyridoxine deficiency and supplementation on hematological profiles, lymphocyte function, and hepatic cytochrome P450 in B6C3F1 mice. J Immunotoxicol. 2009 Sep;6(3):147-60. doi: 10.1080/15476910903083866. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Required for synthesis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate from vitamin B6.
Gene Name
PDXK
Uniprot ID
O00764
Uniprot Name
Pyridoxal kinase
Molecular Weight
35102.105 Da
References
  1. Merrill AH Jr, Henderson JM: Vitamin B6 metabolism by human liver. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;585:110-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28047.x. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphatase activity
Specific Function
Protein serine phosphatase that dephosphorylates 'Ser-3' in cofilin and probably also dephosphorylates phospho-serine residues in DSTN. Regulates cofilin-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization...
Gene Name
PDXP
Uniprot ID
Q96GD0
Uniprot Name
Pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase
Molecular Weight
31697.735 Da
References
  1. Merrill AH Jr, Henderson JM: Vitamin B6 metabolism by human liver. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;585:110-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28047.x. [Article]
  2. Coburn SP: Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Interactions with TNAP. Subcell Biochem. 2015;76:207-38. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7197-9_11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Pyrophosphatase activity
Specific Function
This isozyme may play a role in skeletal mineralization.
Gene Name
ALPL
Uniprot ID
P05186
Uniprot Name
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme
Molecular Weight
57304.435 Da
References
  1. Whyte MP, Mahuren JD, Vrabel LA, Coburn SP: Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Alkaline phosphatase acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. J Clin Invest. 1985 Aug;76(2):752-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI112031. [Article]
  2. Ueland PM, Ulvik A, Rios-Avila L, Midttun O, Gregory JF: Direct and Functional Biomarkers of Vitamin B6 Status. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:33-70. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034330. Epub 2015 May 13. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H: Vitamin B(6) and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology. Cells. 2018 Jul 22;7(7). pii: cells7070084. doi: 10.3390/cells7070084. [Article]
  2. Fonda ML, Trauss C, Guempel UM: The binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to human serum albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991 Jul;288(1):79-86. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90167-h. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Pyrophosphatase activity
Specific Function
This isozyme may play a role in skeletal mineralization.
Gene Name
ALPL
Uniprot ID
P05186
Uniprot Name
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme
Molecular Weight
57304.435 Da
References
  1. Coburn SP: Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Interactions with TNAP. Subcell Biochem. 2015;76:207-38. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7197-9_11. [Article]
  2. Whyte MP, Mahuren JD, Vrabel LA, Coburn SP: Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Alkaline phosphatase acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. J Clin Invest. 1985 Aug;76(2):752-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI112031. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48