Ondansetron
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Identification
- Summary
Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy and postoperatively.
- Brand Names
- Zofran, Zuplenz
- Generic Name
- Ondansetron
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00904
- Background
A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.
Having been developed in the 1980s by GlaxoSmithKline and approved by the US FDA since January 1991, ondansetron has demonstrated a long history of use and efficacy. Commonly formulated as oral tablets, orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), and injections, and available as generic products as well, ondansetron continues to see contemporary innovations in its formulation and use, including the development of orally soluble films that are both discreet in administration and less of a burden in comparison to having patients attempt to swallow pills during emesis.7
The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all intravenous drug products containing more than 16 mg of ondansetron hydrochloride in a single dose, due to a high risk of QT prolongation.8,9
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Withdrawn
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 293.363
Monoisotopic: 293.152812245 - Chemical Formula
- C18H19N3O
- Synonyms
- Ondansetron
Pharmacology
- Indication
In the adult patient population: i) orally administered ondansetron tablets and orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) are indicated for: - the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including high dose (ie. greater than or equal to 50 mg/m2) cisplatin therapy, and radiotherapy, and - the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting
ii) intravenously administered ondansetron injection formulations are indicated for: - the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including high dose (ie. greater than or equal to 50 mg/m2) cisplatin therapy, and - the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting
In the pediatric (4-18 years of age) patient population: i) ondansetron was effective and well tolerated when given to children 4-12 years of age for the treatment of post-chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, ii) ondansetron tablets, ondansetron ODT, ondansetron injection are not indicated for the treatment of children 3 years of age or younger, iii) ondansetron tablets, ondansetron ODT, ondansetron injection are not indicated for use in any age group of the pediatric population for the treatment of post-radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, and iV) ondansetron tablets, ondansetron ODT, ondansetron injection are not indicated for use in any age group of the pediatric population for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting
In the geriatric (>65 years of age) patient population: i) efficacy and tolerance of ondansetron were similar to that observed in younger adults for the treatment of post-chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and ii) clinical experience in the use of ondansetron in the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting is limited and is not indicated for use in the geriatric patient population
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prophylaxis of Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting •••••••••••• Prophylaxis of Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting •••••••••••• Treatment of Cholestatic pruritus ••• ••••• Prophylaxis of Post-operative nausea and vomiting •••••••••••• Treatment of Uremic pruritus ••• ••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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- Pharmacodynamics
Ondansetron is a highly specific and selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, not shown to have activity at other known serotonin receptors and with low affinity for dopamine receptors Label, 3,4. The serotonin 5-HT3 receptors are located on the nerve terminals of the vagus in the periphery, and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema Label, 3,4. The temporal relationship between the emetogenic action of emetogenic drugs and the release of serotonin, as well as the efficacy of antiemetic agents, suggest that chemotherapeutic agents release serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine by causing degenerative changes in the GI tract Label, 3,4. The serotonin then stimulates the vagal and splanchnic nerve receptors that project to the medullary vomiting center, as well as the 5-HT3 receptors in the area postrema, thus initiating the vomiting reflex, causing nausea and vomiting Label, 3,4.
Moreover, the effect of ondansetron on the QTc interval was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo and positive (moxifloxacin) controlled, crossover study in 58 healthy adult men and women 11,12. Ondansetron was tested at single doses of 8 mg and 32 mg infused intravenously over 15 minutes 11,12. At the highest tested dose of 32 mg, prolongation of the Fridericia-corrected QTc interval (QT/RR0.33=QTcF) was observed from 15 min to 4 h after the start of the 15 min infusion, with a maximum mean (upper limit of 90% CI) difference in QTcF from placebo after baseline-correction of 19.6 (21.5) msec at 20 min 11,12. At the lower tested dose of 8 mg, QTc prolongation was observed from 15 min to 1 h after the start of the 15-minute infusion, with a maximum mean (upper limit of 90% CI) difference in QTcF from placebo after baseline-correction of 5.8 (7.8) msec at 15 min 11,12. The magnitude of QTc prolongation with ondansetron is expected to be greater if the infusion rate is faster than 15 minutes 11,12. The 32 mg intravenous dose of ondansetron must not be administered 11,12. No treatment-related effects on the QRS duration or the PR interval were observed at either the 8 or 32 mg dose 11,12.
An ECG assessment study has not been performed for orally administered ondansetron 11,12. On the basis of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling, an 8 mg oral dose of ondansetron is predicted to cause a mean QTcF increase of 0.7 ms (90% CI -2.1, 3.3) at steady-state, assuming a mean maximal plasma concentration of 24.7 ng/mL (95% CI 21.1, 29.0) 11,12. The magnitude of QTc prolongation at the recommended 5 mg/m2 dose in pediatrics has not been studied, but pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling predicts a mean increase of 6.6 ms (90% CI 2.8, 10.7) at maximal plasma concentrations 11,12.
In healthy subjects, single intravenous doses of 0.15 mg/kg of ondansetron had no effect on esophageal motility, gastric motility, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, or small intestinal transit time 10. Multiday administration of ondansetron has been shown to slow colonic transit in healthy subjects 10. Ondansetron has no effect on plasma prolactin concentrations 10.
- Mechanism of action
Ondansetron is a selective antagonist of the serotonin receptor subtype, 5-HT3 10,11,12.
Cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy are associated with the release of serotonin (5-HT) from enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine, presumably initiating a vomiting reflex through stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal afferents 10,11,12. Ondansetron may block the initiation of this reflex. Activation of vagal afferents may also cause a central release of serotonin from the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema, located on the floor of the fourth ventricle 10,11,12. Thus, the antiemetic effect of ondansetron is probably due to the selective antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors on neurons located in either the peripheral or central nervous systems, or both 10,11,12.
Although the mechanisms of action of ondansetron in treating postoperative nausea and vomiting and cytotoxic induced nausea and vomiting may share similar pathways, the role of ondansetron in opiate-induced emesis has not yet been formally established 11,12.
Target Actions Organism A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A antagonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonistHumans UMu-type opioid receptor other/unknownHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A other/unknownHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B other/unknownHumans - Absorption
Ondansetron is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes some limited first-pass metabolism 10. Mean bioavailability in healthy subjects, following administration of a single 8-mg tablet, was recorded as being approximately 56% to 60% 10,11,12. Bioavailability is also slightly enhanced by the presence of food 10.
Ondansetron systemic exposure does not increase proportionately to dose 10. The AUC from a 16-mg tablet was 24% greater than predicted from an 8-mg tablet dose 10. This may reflect some reduction of first-pass metabolism at higher oral doses 10.
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution of ondansetron has been recorded as being approximately 160L 5.
- Protein binding
The plasma protein binding associated with ondansetron was documented as approximately 73% 11,12.
- Metabolism
In vitro metabolism studies have shown that ondansetron is a substrate for human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 10,11,12. In terms of overall ondansetron turnover, CYP3A4 played the predominant role 10,11,12. Because of the multiplicity of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolizing ondansetron, it is likely that inhibition or loss of one enzyme (e.g. CYP2D6 enzyme deficiency) will be compensated by others and may result in little change in overall rates of ondansetron clearance 10,11,12.
Following oral or IV administration, ondansetron is extensively metabolised and excreted in the urine and faeces 10,11,12. In humans, less than 10% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine 10,11,12. The major urinary metabolites are glucuronide conjugates (45%), sulphate conjugates (20%) and hydroxylation products (10%) 10,11,12. The primary metabolic pathway is subsequently hydroxylation on the indole ring followed by subsequent glucuronide or sulfate conjugation 10,11,12. Although some nonconjugated metabolites have pharmacologic activity, these are not found in plasma at concentrations likely to significantly contribute to the biological activity of ondansetron 10,11,12.
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- Route of elimination
Following oral or IV administration, ondansetron is extensively metabolised and excreted in the urine and faeces 11,12.
- Half-life
The half-life of ondansetron after either an 8 mg oral dose or intravenous dose was approximately 3-4 hours and could be extended to 6-8 hours in the elderly 11,12.
- Clearance
The clearance values determined for ondansetron in various patient age groups were recorded as approximately 0.38 L/h/kg in normal adult volunteers aged 19-40 yrs, 0.32 L/h/kg in normal adult volunteers aged 61-74 yrs, 0.26 L/h/kg in normal adult volunteers aged >=75 yrs Label.
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
At present, there is little information concerning overdosage with ondansetron 10,11,12. Nevertheless, there have been certain cases of somewhat idiosyncratic adverse effects associated with particular dosages of ondansetron used 10,11,12.
“Sudden blindness” (amaurosis) of 2 to 3 minutes duration plus severe constipation occurred in one patient that was administered 72 mg of ondansetron intravenously as a single dose 10,11,12. Hypotension (and faintness) occurred in another patient that took 48 mg of oral ondansetron 10,11,12. Following infusion of 32 mg over only a 4-minute period, a vasovagal episode with transient second-degree heart block was observed 10,11,12. Neuromuscular abnormalities, autonomic instability, somnolence, and a brief generalized tonic-clonic seizure (which resolved after a dose of benzodiazepine) were observed in a 12-month-old infant who ingested seven or eight 8-mg ondansetron tablets (approximately forty times the recommended 0.1-0.15 mg/kg dose for a pediatric patient) 10,11,12. In all instances, however, the events resolved completely 10,11,12.
The safety of ondansetron for use in human pregnancy has not been established 11,12. Ondansetron is not teratogenic in animals 11,12. However, as animal studies are not always predictive of human response, the use of ondansetron in pregnancy is not recommended 11,12.
Ondansetron is excreted in the milk of lactating rats 11,12. It is not known if it is excreted in human milk, however, nursing is not recommended during treatment with ondansetron 11,12.
Insufficient information is available to provide dosage recommendations for children 3 years of age or younger 11,12.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*1xN, Not Available Gene duplication. Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype in CYP2D6 are ultrarapid metabolizers with an increased risk of poor therapeutic response and vomiting when treated with ondansteron. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*2xN Not Available Gene duplication. Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype in CYP2D6 are ultrarapid metabolizers with an increased risk of poor therapeutic response and vomiting when treated with ondansteron. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*1XN Not Available Normal allele duplicated. ADR Inferred Ultra-rapid drug metabolizer. Risk of toxicity, alternative drug recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*2XN Not Available 2850C>T / 4180G>C … show all ADR Inferred Ultra-rapid drug metabolizer. Risk of toxicity, alternative drug recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*1XN Not Available Normal allele duplicated. Effect Inferred Poor response Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Ondansetron is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abametapir The serum concentration of Ondansetron can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Ondansetron can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The serum concentration of Ondansetron can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. Abrocitinib The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Ondansetron. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Ondansetron hydrochloride 2999F27MAD 99614-01-4 MKBLHFILKIKSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate NMH84OZK2B 103639-04-9 VRSLTNZJOUZKLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Zophren
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Athena-ondansetron ODT Tablet, orally disintegrating 8 mg Oral Athena Pharmaceutiques Sas 2015-11-23 Not applicable Canada Athena-ondansetron ODT Tablet, orally disintegrating 4 mg Oral Athena Pharmaceutiques Sas 2015-11-23 Not applicable Canada Eugia-ondansetron Injection Solution 2 mg / mL Intravenous Eugia Pharma (Malta) Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Eugia-ondansetron Injection Solution 2 mg / mL Intravenous Eugia Pharma (Malta) Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Eugia-ondansetron Injection Solution 2 mg / mL Intravenous Eugia Pharma (Malta) Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Accel-ondansetron Tablet 4 mg Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2019-09-19 Not applicable Canada Accel-ondansetron Tablet 8 mg Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2019-09-19 Not applicable Canada Accel-ondansetron ODT Tablet, orally disintegrating 8 mg Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2023-12-19 Not applicable Canada Accel-ondansetron ODT Tablet, orally disintegrating 4 mg Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2023-12-19 Not applicable Canada Ag-ondansetron Tablet 8 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Mpm Pak Ondansetron (8 mg/1) + Ibuprofen (800 mg/1) + Mifepristone (200 mg/1) + Misoprostol (200 ug/1) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 2023-02-24 Not applicable US Mpm Pak Ondansetron (8 mg/1) + Ibuprofen (800 mg/1) + Mifepristone (200 mg/1) + Misoprostol (200 ug/1) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 2023-06-14 Not applicable US Mpm Pak Ondansetron (8 mg/1) + Ibuprofen (800 mg/1) + Mifepristone (200 mg/1) + Misoprostol (200 ug/1) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 2023-02-24 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image MKO Melt Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate (2 mg/1) + Ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Midazolam (3 mg/1) Troche Sublingual Imprimis Njof, Llc 2018-12-01 2019-03-04 US MKO Melt Dose Pack Ondansetron hydrochloride (2 mg/1) + Ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Midazolam (3 mg/1) Troche Sublingual Imprimis Njof, Llc 2019-03-04 Not applicable US Ondansetron Ondansetron (8 mg/1) Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Remedy Repack 2015-02-26 2015-12-30 US Sumansetron Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate (4 mg/1) + Sumatriptan succinate (50 mg/1) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, film coated Oral PureTek Corporation 2021-01-01 Not applicable US ZOPHRALEN 8 MG/4ML IV AMPUL Ondansetron (8 mg/4ml) Injection, solution Intravenous DEM İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2018-12-25 Not applicable Turkey
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A04AA01 — Ondansetron
- Drug Categories
- Anti-Anxiety Agents
- Antidepressive Agents
- Antiemetic Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
- Antiemetics
- Antiemetics and Antinauseants
- Carbazoles
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Imidazoles
- Indoles
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Psychotropic Drugs
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonin 3 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carbazoles. These are compounds containing a three ring system containing a pyrrole ring fused on either side to a benzene ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Indoles and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Carbazoles
- Direct Parent
- Carbazoles
- Alternative Parents
- N-alkylindoles / Indoles / Aryl alkyl ketones / N-substituted imidazoles / N-methylpyrroles / Benzenoids / Vinylogous amides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds show 3 more
- Substituents
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl alkyl ketone / Aryl ketone / Azacycle / Azole / Benzenoid / Carbazole / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imidazole show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- carbazoles (CHEBI:7773)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 4AF302ESOS
- CAS number
- 99614-02-5
- InChI Key
- FELGMEQIXOGIFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C18H19N3O/c1-12-19-9-10-21(12)11-13-7-8-16-17(18(13)22)14-5-3-4-6-15(14)20(16)2/h3-6,9-10,13H,7-8,11H2,1-2H3
- IUPAC Name
- 9-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-4-one
- SMILES
- CN1C2=C(C3=CC=CC=C13)C(=O)C(CN1C=CN=C1C)CC2
References
- Synthesis Reference
Peter Bod, Kalman Harsanyi, Ferenc Trischler, Eva Fekecs, Attila Csehi, Bela Hegedus, Eva Mersich nee Donat, Gyorgyi Szabo nee Komlosi, Erika Horvath nee Sziki, "Process for preparing ondansetron." U.S. Patent US5478949, issued September, 1990.
US5478949- General References
- Ramsook C, Sahagun-Carreon I, Kozinetz CA, Moro-Sutherland D: A randomized clinical trial comparing oral ondansetron with placebo in children with vomiting from acute gastroenteritis. Ann Emerg Med. 2002 Apr;39(4):397-403. [Article]
- Yilmaz HL, Yildizdas RD, Sertdemir Y: Clinical trial: oral ondansetron for reducing vomiting secondary to acute gastroenteritis in children--a double-blind randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan;31(1):82-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04145.x. Epub . [Article]
- Gregory RE, Ettinger DS: 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. A comparison of their pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):173-89. [Article]
- Gan TJ: Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting: are they all the same? CNS Drugs. 2005;19(3):225-38. [Article]
- Roila F, Del Favero A: Ondansetron clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995 Aug;29(2):95-109. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199529020-00004. [Article]
- Electronic Medicines Compendium: Zofran (ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate) Tablets 4mg and 8mg Monograph [Link]
- Midatech’s Commercial Launch of Zuplenz® (Ondansetron) Oral Soluble Film to Prevent Post-Operative, Chemotherapy and Radiation-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in US: Press Release [Link]
- Federal Register: Determination That Ondansetron (Ondansetron Hydrochloride) Injection, USP in PL 2408 Plastic Container, 32 Milligrams in 50 Milliliters, Was Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness [Link]
- Code of Federal Regulations 216.24: Drug products withdrawn or removed from the market for reasons of safety or effectiveness. [Link]
- Ondansetron FDA 2016 Label [File]
- Zofran Canadian Product Information [File]
- Sandoz Ondansetron Canadian Product Information [File]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0005035
- KEGG Drug
- D00456
- KEGG Compound
- C07325
- PubChem Compound
- 4595
- PubChem Substance
- 46504819
- ChemSpider
- 4434
- BindingDB
- 85330
- 26225
- ChEBI
- 7773
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL46
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000221
- PharmGKB
- PA450705
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- S87
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Ondansetron
- PDB Entries
- 6w1m
- FDA label
- Download (126 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (53.2 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Supportive Care Breast Cancer / Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Treatment Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available AAT Deficiency / AATD / Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency / Liver Fibrosis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Adverse Reaction to Other Drugs and Medicines 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Antiemetics / Nausea, Postoperative / Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) / Postoperative pain / Vomiting, Postoperative 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Par pharmaceutical
- Aurobindo pharma ltd
- Barr laboratories inc
- Glenmark generics ltd
- Kv pharmaceutical co
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Par pharmaceutical inc
- Sandoz inc
- Sun pharmaceutical industries ltd
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Glaxosmithkline
- Akorn strides llc
- Apotex inc
- App pharmaceuticals llc
- Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
- Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
- Emcure pharmaceuticals ltd
- Gland pharma ltd
- Hikma farmaceutica (portugal) sa
- Hospira inc
- Lannett holdings inc
- Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
- Pharmaforce inc
- Pliva hrvatska doo
- Sandoz canada inc
- Spectrum pharmaceuticals
- Wockhardt ltd
- Bedford laboratories
- Claris lifesciences ltd
- Teva parenteral medicines inc
- Baxter healthcare corp
- Apotex inc richmond hill
- Taro pharmaceuticals ireland ltd
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Taro pharmaceutical industries ltd
- Dr reddys laboratories ltd
- Natco pharma ltd
- West ward pharmaceutical corp
- Packagers
- Aceto Pharma Inc.
- Actavis Group
- Aidarex Pharmacuticals LLC
- Akorn Inc.
- Amerigen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Apotex Inc.
- Apotheca Inc.
- APP Pharmaceuticals
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Ascend Laboratories LLC
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
- Baxter International Inc.
- Bedford Labs
- Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
- Cardinal Health
- Catalent Pharma Solutions
- Claris Lifesciences Inc.
- Cura Pharmaceutical Co. Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Doctor Reddys Laboratories Ltd.
- Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
- Ethex Corp.
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- Glenmark Generics Ltd.
- Greenstone LLC
- Hikma Pharmaceuticals
- Hospira Inc.
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Kali Laboratories Inc.
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Lannett Co. Inc.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Natco Pharma Ltd.
- Northstar Rx LLC
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Penn Labs
- Pfizer Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Pliva Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Professional Co.
- Ranbaxy Laboratories
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Redpharm Drug
- Roxane Labs
- Sagent Pharmaceuticals
- Sandoz
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- Stat Rx Usa
- Strides Arcolab Limited
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- UDL Laboratories
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- West-Ward Pharmaceuticals
- Wockhardt Ltd.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Oral 4 mg / 5 mL Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 4 mg Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 8 mg Solution Intravenous 8 mg Injection, solution Parenteral 4 MG Injection, solution Parenteral 8 MG Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 9.96 mg Tablet Oral Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 4 mg Syrup Oral 5 mg Solution Parenteral 4.988 mg Tablet, coated Oral 8 mg Injection 2 MG/ML Solution Intravenous 4.00 mg Solution Parenteral 8.000 mg Tablet Oral 4.99 MG Injection Parenteral Tablet, film coated Oral 4.64 MG Solution Intravenous 8.000 mg Solution 2.00 mg Tablet Oral 4.988 mg Injection, solution 4 mg/2ml Injection, solution 8 mg/4ml Troche Sublingual Solution Parenteral 8 mg Kit; tablet; tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Tablet Oral 8.0 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 9.977 MG Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous Solution Intravenous 9.997 mg Solution Intravenous 8.00 mg Solution Intramuscular 2.000 mg Solution Intravenous 4 mg Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg Tablet Oral 800000 mg Tablet, soluble Oral 5 Mg Tablet, soluble Oral 10 Mg Solution Intravenous 4 mg/2ml Solution Intravenous 8 mg/4ml Injection Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular 2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 4 mg/2mL Injection, solution Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Solution Oral 4 mg/5mL Syrup Oral Syrup; tablet, film coated Oral 4 MG/5ML Tablet Oral 24 mg/1 Tablet Oral 4 mg/1 Tablet Oral 8 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 24 mg/1 Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 16 mg/1 Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 24 mg/1 Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 4 mg/1 Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 8 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 4 mg Injection Parenteral 4 MG/2ML Injection Parenteral 8 MG/4ML Injection, solution 4 mg Injection, solution 8 mg Injection Parenteral 4 MG Injection Parenteral 8 MG Injection, solution Parenteral 2 MG/ML Injection, solution Parenteral 0.08 MG/ML Injection, solution Parenteral 0.16 MG/ML Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2.000 mg/mL Solution Parenteral 0.16 MG/ML Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Injection, solution Parenteral 4 MG/2ML Injection, solution Parenteral 8 MG/4ML Injection, solution 2 MG/ML Injection 2.5 mg/2ml Injection 2.53 mg Tablet, coated Oral 4 mg/31 Injection 5 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 5 Mg Tablet, film coated Oral 9.98 MG Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Solution Intravenous 2 mg/1mL Tablet, film coated Oral 16 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 4 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 8 mg/1 Injection, solution Intravenous 32 mg/50mL Injection 2.494 mg Injection 2.496 mg/2ml Injection 4.98 mg Syrup Oral 4.98 mg Tablet Oral 9.98 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 4.99 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 5.55 Mg Syrup Oral 5.05 mg Solution Intravenous 2 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 2.00 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 4 mg / 2 mL Solution Intravenous 8 mg / 4 mL Solution Parenteral 0.08 mg/ml Solution Injection, solution Intravenous 2 mg/ml Solution Intravenous 2 mg Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg/ml Injection, solution Intravenous 4 MG/2ML Injection, solution Intravenous 8 MG/4ML Injection, solution Injection, solution Parenteral Injection 2.5 mg Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Tablet, soluble Oral 8 MG Injection Intravenous 2 mg/ml Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 8 mg Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 mg/mL Film, soluble Oral 4 mg Film, soluble Oral 8 mg Tablet Oral 8 mg Solution Parenteral Solution Intravenous 9.960 mg Kit; tablet; tablet, film coated Oral Injection Parenteral 2 mg/mL Injection Tablet, film coated Oral Syrup Oral 4.99 mg Solution 2 mg/ml Injection 2 mg Tablet Oral 8.000 mg Injection Intravenous 32 mg/50mL Injection, solution Parenteral 40 MG/20ML Suppository Rectal 16 MG Syrup Oral 4 MG/5ML Tablet Oral 10.000 mg Suppository Rectal Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Solution 4 mg Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 8 mg/4ml Solution 8 mg Liquid Intravenous 2 mg / mL Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 4 mg/2ml Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 8 mg/4ml Tablet Oral 4 mg / tab Tablet Oral 8 mg / tab Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg Tablet, soluble Oral 4 mg Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 4 mg Film Oral 4 mg/1 Film Oral 8 mg/1 Film, soluble Oral 4 mg/1 Film, soluble Oral 8 mg/1 Solution 2 mg/1ml Tablet, film coated Oral 8 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 4 mg Injection, solution 2 mg/1ml - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Ondansetron 30 8 mg Dispersible Tablet Box 1158.51USD box Zofran ODT 30 4 mg Dispersible Tablet Box 782.26USD box Ondansetron 30 4 mg Dispersible Tablet Box 695.53USD box Ondansetron hcl powder 177.0USD g Ondansetron hcl 24 mg tablet 105.5USD tablet Zofran 8 mg tablet 45.16USD tablet Zofran odt 8 mg tablet 41.76USD tablet Ondansetron hcl 8 mg tablet 40.75USD tablet Ondansetron odt 8 mg tablet 37.13USD tablet Zofran 4 mg tablet 27.11USD tablet Ondansetron hcl 4 mg tablet 25.07USD tablet Zofran odt 4 mg tablet 25.07USD tablet Zofran 8 mg Tablet 23.02USD tablet Zofran Odt 8 mg Disintegrating Tablet 22.49USD tablet Ondansetron odt 4 mg tablet 22.3USD tablet Zofran 4 mg Tablet 15.09USD tablet Zofran Odt 4 mg Disintegrating Tablet 14.74USD tablet Zofran 2 mg/ml vial 12.82USD ml Zofran 4 mg/2 ml vial 12.82USD ml Apo-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Co Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Jamp-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Mint-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Mylan-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Novo-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Ondansetron-Odan 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Phl-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Pms-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Ran-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Ratio-Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Sandoz Ondansetron 8 mg Tablet 12.06USD tablet Zofran 2 mg/ml 11.12USD ml Apo-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Co Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Jamp-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Mint-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Mylan-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Novo-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Ondansetron-Odan 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Phl-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Pms-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Ran-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Ratio-Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Sandoz Ondansetron 4 mg Tablet 7.9USD tablet Ondansetron (Preservative Free) 2 mg/ml 6.23USD ml Ondansetron (Preserved) 2 mg/ml 6.23USD ml Ondansetron (Unpreserved) 2 mg/ml 6.23USD ml Ondansetron (With Preservative) 2 mg/ml 6.23USD ml Ondansetron Omega (Preservative Free) 2 mg/ml 6.23USD ml Ondansetron Omega (With Preservative) 2 mg/ml 6.23USD ml Ondansetron hcl 4 mg/2 ml vial 3.13USD ml Zofran 0.8 mg/ml Solution 2.3USD ml Apo-Ondansetron 0.8 mg/ml Solution 1.53USD ml Ondansetron 32 mg/50 ml bag 0.86USD ml Ondansetron hcl 32 mg/50 ml bg 0.42USD ml Ondansetron 40 mg/20 ml vial 0.17USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5344658 No 1994-09-06 2011-09-06 US CA2205600 No 2000-05-30 2015-11-20 Canada US5955488 Yes 1999-09-21 2016-05-14 US US6063802 Yes 2000-05-16 2016-05-14 US US5854270 Yes 1998-12-29 2016-05-20 US US9095577 No 2015-08-04 2030-07-13 US US8580830 No 2013-11-12 2029-11-23 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source logP 2.4 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.248 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.56 ALOGPS logP 2.35 Chemaxon logS -3.1 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 16.13 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 7.34 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 39.82 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 2 Chemaxon Refractivity 86.78 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 33.16 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9941 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9882 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8867 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7019 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.5833 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.8807 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.7955 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7456 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8918 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.647 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9107 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8932 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.5954 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.5463 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9676 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9884 Rat acute toxicity 2.4555 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.7054 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.7926
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 181.9766661 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 166.07027 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 182.0708661 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 168.42827 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 181.3861661 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 174.52142 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Forms serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine/5-HT3)-activated cation-selective channel complexes, which when activated cause fast, depolarizing responses in neurons
- Specific Function
- excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity
- Gene Name
- HTR3A
- Uniprot ID
- P46098
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A
- Molecular Weight
- 55279.835 Da
References
- Artaiz I, Zazpe A, Del Rio J: Characterization of serotonergic mechanisms involved in the behavioural inhibition induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in a modified light-dark test in mice. Behav Pharmacol. 1998 Mar;9(2):103-12. [Article]
- Fortuno A, Ballaz S, Del Rio J, Barber A: CCK-mediated response in the activation of 5-HT receptor types in the guinea-pig ileum. J Physiol Biochem. 1999 Jun;55(2):85-92. [Article]
- Llacer JM, Gallardo V, Delgado R, Parraga J, Martin D, Ruiz MA: X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy in the polymorphism study of ondansetron hydrochloride. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2001 Oct;27(9):899-908. [Article]
- Carvalho F, Macedo D, Bandeira I, Maldonado I, Salles L, Azevedo MF, Rocha MA Jr, Fregoneze JB, De Castro-e-Silva E: Central 5-HT3 receptor stimulation by m-CPBG increases blood glucose in rats. Horm Metab Res. 2002 Feb;34(2):55-61. [Article]
- Arcioni R, della Rocca M, Romano S, Romano R, Pietropaoli P, Gasparetto A: Ondansetron inhibits the analgesic effects of tramadol: a possible 5-HT(3) spinal receptor involvement in acute pain in humans. Anesth Analg. 2002 Jun;94(6):1553-7, table of contents. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Gallardo Lara V, Gallardo ML, Morales Hernandez ME, Ruiz Martinez MA: Ondansetron: design and development of oral pharmaceutical suspensions. Pharmazie. 2009 Feb;64(2):90-3. [Article]
- Mohan KC, Ravikumar K: Ondansetron hydrochloride: a competitive serotonin 5-HT3 receptor blocker. Acta Crystallogr C. 1995 Dec 15;51 ( Pt 12):2627-9. [Article]
- Dimitrov DH: Effect of Ondansetron, a 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, on fatigue in 2 veterans with hepatitis C. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;11(6):366-7. doi: 10.4088/PCC.08l00755. [Article]
- Szajewska H, Gieruszczak-Bialek D, Dylag M: Meta-analysis: ondansetron for vomiting in acute gastroenteritis in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb 15;25(4):393-400. [Article]
- Ramsook C, Sahagun-Carreon I, Kozinetz CA, Moro-Sutherland D: A randomized clinical trial comparing oral ondansetron with placebo in children with vomiting from acute gastroenteritis. Ann Emerg Med. 2002 Apr;39(4):397-403. [Article]
- Gregory RE, Ettinger DS: 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. A comparison of their pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):173-89. [Article]
- Gan TJ: Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting: are they all the same? CNS Drugs. 2005;19(3):225-38. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a mitogen (PubMed:10821780, PubMed:16102731, PubMed:35714614, PubMed:9603189). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:16102731, PubMed:35714614). HTR4 is coupled to G(s) G alpha proteins and mediates activation of adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:16102731, PubMed:35714614)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR4
- Uniprot ID
- Q13639
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4
- Molecular Weight
- 43760.975 Da
References
- van Wijngaarden I, Tulp MT, Soudijn W: The concept of selectivity in 5-HT receptor research. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 12;188(6):301-12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other/unknown
- General Function
- Receptor for endogenous opioids such as beta-endorphin and endomorphin (PubMed:10529478, PubMed:12589820, PubMed:7891175, PubMed:7905839, PubMed:7957926, PubMed:9689128). Receptor for natural and synthetic opioids including morphine, heroin, DAMGO, fentanyl, etorphine, buprenorphin and methadone (PubMed:10529478, PubMed:10836142, PubMed:12589820, PubMed:19300905, PubMed:7891175, PubMed:7905839, PubMed:7957926, PubMed:9689128). Also activated by enkephalin peptides, such as Met-enkephalin or Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, with higher affinity for Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (By similarity). Agonist binding to the receptor induces coupling to an inactive GDP-bound heterotrimeric G-protein complex and subsequent exchange of GDP for GTP in the G-protein alpha subunit leading to dissociation of the G-protein complex with the free GTP-bound G-protein alpha and the G-protein beta-gamma dimer activating downstream cellular effectors (PubMed:7905839). The agonist- and cell type-specific activity is predominantly coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) and G(o) G alpha proteins, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3 and GNAO1 isoforms Alpha-1 and Alpha-2, and to a lesser extent to pertussis toxin-insensitive G alpha proteins GNAZ and GNA15 (PubMed:12068084). They mediate an array of downstream cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and both N-type and L-type calcium channels, activation of inward rectifying potassium channels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and regulation of NF-kappa-B (By similarity). Also couples to adenylate cyclase stimulatory G alpha proteins (By similarity). The selective temporal coupling to G-proteins and subsequent signaling can be regulated by RGSZ proteins, such as RGS9, RGS17 and RGS4 (By similarity). Phosphorylation by members of the GPRK subfamily of Ser/Thr protein kinases and association with beta-arrestins is involved in short-term receptor desensitization (By similarity). Beta-arrestins associate with the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and uncouple it from the G-protein thus terminating signal transduction (By similarity). The phosphorylated receptor is internalized through endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits which involves beta-arrestins (By similarity). The activation of the ERK pathway occurs either in a G-protein-dependent or a beta-arrestin-dependent manner and is regulated by agonist-specific receptor phosphorylation (By similarity). Acts as a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which dissociates from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergoes rapid recycling (By similarity). Receptor down-regulation pathways are varying with the agonist and occur dependent or independent of G-protein coupling (By similarity). Endogenous ligands induce rapid desensitization, endocytosis and recycling (By similarity). Heterooligomerization with other GPCRs can modulate agonist binding, signaling and trafficking properties (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- beta-endorphin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P35372
- Uniprot Name
- Mu-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44778.855 Da
References
- van Wijngaarden I, Tulp MT, Soudijn W: The concept of selectivity in 5-HT receptor research. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 12;188(6):301-12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other/unknown
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:37935376, PubMed:37935377, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:38552625, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). HTR1A is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission: signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores (PubMed:33762731, PubMed:35610220). Beta-arrestin family members regulate signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P08908
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 46106.335 Da
References
- van Wijngaarden I, Tulp MT, Soudijn W: The concept of selectivity in 5-HT receptor research. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 12;188(6):301-12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other/unknown
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1315531, PubMed:1328844, PubMed:1348246, PubMed:1351684, PubMed:1559993, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1610347, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951, PubMed:8218242). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1315531, PubMed:1328844, PubMed:1348246, PubMed:1351684, PubMed:1559993, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1610347, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951, PubMed:8218242). HTR1B is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:29925951, PubMed:35610220). Arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:29925951). Regulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, nociceptive processing, pain perception, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20945968). Besides, plays a role in vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries (PubMed:15853772)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR1B
- Uniprot ID
- P28222
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
- Molecular Weight
- 43567.535 Da
References
- van Wijngaarden I, Tulp MT, Soudijn W: The concept of selectivity in 5-HT receptor research. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 12;188(6):301-12. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Niwa T, Yamamoto S, Saito M, Kobayashi N, Ikeda K, Noda Y, Takagi A: Effects of serotonin-3 receptor antagonists on cytochrome P450 activities in human liver microsomes. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Sep;29(9):1931-5. [Article]
- Dixon CM, Colthup PV, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Kerr BM, Boehlert CC, Park GR, Tarbit MH: Multiple forms of cytochrome P450 are involved in the metabolism of ondansetron in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995 Nov;23(11):1225-30. [Article]
- Zofran FDA [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Janicki PK: Cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Oct;11(10):RA322-8. Epub 2005 Sep 26. [Article]
- Dixon CM, Colthup PV, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Kerr BM, Boehlert CC, Park GR, Tarbit MH: Multiple forms of cytochrome P450 are involved in the metabolism of ondansetron in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995 Nov;23(11):1225-30. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins during embryogenesis (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA), a precursor in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen steroid hormones (PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1), particularly D-ring hydroxylated estrone at the C16-alpha position (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Mainly hydroxylates all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in atRA clearance during fetal development (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics including anticonvulsants (PubMed:9555064)
- Specific Function
- all-trans retinoic acid 18-hydroxylase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A7
- Uniprot ID
- P24462
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A7
- Molecular Weight
- 57469.95 Da
References
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- This enzyme action is supported by data from 1 in vitro study available in the literature.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable)
- Specific Function
- 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2E1
- Uniprot ID
- P05181
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2E1
- Molecular Weight
- 56848.42 Da
References
- Sanwald P, David M, Dow J: Characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of dolasetron. Comparison with other indole-containing 5-HT3 antagonists. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 May;24(5):602-9. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 29, 2024 18:19