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Identification
- Summary
Rutin is a flavonoid found in over-the-counter vitamin supplements.
- Generic Name
- Rutin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01698
- Background
A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including buckwheat; tobacco; forsythia; hydrangea; viola, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Experimental, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Rutin (DB01698)
- Weight
- Average: 610.5175
Monoisotopic: 610.153384912 - Chemical Formula
- C27H30O16
- Synonyms
- 3-[[6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
- 3-Rhamnoglucosylquercetin
- 3-Rutinosyl quercetin
- Phytomelin
- Quercetin 3-rutinoside
- Quercetin-3-rutinoside
- Rutin
- Rutoside
- Rutosido
- Rutosidum
- Sophorin
- Vitamin P
- External IDs
- C.I. 75730
- NSC-9220
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form For therapy Anemia ••• ••• •••••• For therapy Anemia ••• ••• •••••• For therapy General surgery ••• ••• •••••• For therapy Pregnancy ••• ••• •••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism AAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 inhibitorHumans UCarbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcenocoumarol The serum concentration of Acenocoumarol can be increased when it is combined with Rutin. Alfuzosin The metabolism of Alfuzosin can be decreased when combined with Rutin. Alprazolam The metabolism of Alprazolam can be decreased when combined with Rutin. Aripiprazole The metabolism of Aripiprazole can be decreased when combined with Rutin. Aripiprazole lauroxil The metabolism of Aripiprazole lauroxil can be decreased when combined with Rutin. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Rutoside trihydrate RF4N03853G 250249-75-3 NLLBWFFSGHKUSY-JPRRWYCFSA-N - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BiO-LiFE Premiton Soft Capsule Rutin (20 mg) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg) + Calcium (104 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 IU) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (6 mcg) + Folic acid (400 mcg) + Ginseng (100 mg) + Lipoic acid (25 mg) + Magnesium (5 mg) + Manganese cation (1 mg) + Nicotinamide (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg) + Phosphorus (80 mg) + Potassium (4 mg) + Pyridoxine (2 mg) + Riboflavin (1.6 mg) + Selenium (40 mcg) + Thiamine (1.5 mg) + Vitamin A (4000 IU) + Vitamin E (14.9 IU) + Zinc (1 mg) Capsule Oral BIO-LIFE MARKETING SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
HOVID BETATON WITH GINSENG SOFTGEL Rutin (20 mg) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (1 g) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Ginseng (40 mg) + Iron (10 mg) + Lecithin (92 mg) + Magnesium (5 mg) + Manganese cation (1 mg) + Nicotinamide (15 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg) + Phosphorus (103.5 mg) + Potassium (4 mg) + Pyridoxine (1 mg) + Riboflavin (2 mg) + Thiamine (2 mg) + Vitamin A (4000 IU) + Vitamin E (10 mg) + Zinc (1 mg) Capsule Oral Hovid Pharmacy Sdn. Bhd. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia KORDEL`S C TIME ACID FREE C 1000MG TABLET Rutin (50 mg) + Calcium ascorbate (1000 mg) + Citrus bioflavonoids (100 mg) + Hesperidin (25 mg) Tablet Oral CAMBERT(M) SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia KORDEL`S NUTRITIME TABLET Rutin (2.2 mg) + Aminobenzoic acid (3.3 mg) + Ascorbic acid (66.6 mg) + Betaine hydrochloride (3.3 mg) + Biotin (3.3 mg) + Calcium Phosphate (215 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 IU) + Choline bitartrate (38.3 mg) + Citrus bioflavonoids (4.4 mg) + Copper (170 mcg) + Cyanocobalamin (6.7 mcg) + Cysteine hydrochloride (360 mcg) + Folic acid (125 mcg) + Fucus vesiculosus (10 mg) + Glutamic acid (6.7 mg) + Inositol (16.6 mg) + Iron (5 mg) + Lecithin (30 mg) + Lysine hydrochloride (2.2 mg) + Magnesium (9.9 mg) + Manganese cation (1.3 mg) + Medicago sativa pollen (30 mg) + Methionine (3.3 mg) + Molybdenum (333 mcg) + Niacin (3 mg) + Nicotinamide (9 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (3.3 mg) + Potassium (3.33 mg) + Pyridoxine (3.3 mg) + Riboflavin (6.7 mg) + Saccharomyces cerevisiae (30 mg) + Sodium chloride (1.5 mg) + Thiamine (6.7 mg) + Vitamin A (5000 IU) + Vitamin E (6.7 IU) + Zinc (3.3 mg) Tablet Oral CAMBERT(M) SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia NAT-C Rutin (50 mg) + Ascorbic acid (421.053 mg) + Calcium ascorbate dihydrate (412.372 mg) + Citrus bioflavonoids (50 mg) + Hesperidin (50 mg) + Malpighia emarginata extract (12.5 mg) + Rosa canina fruit (62.5 mg) + Sodium ascorbate (353.535 mg) Tablet, film coated บริษัท เมก้า ไลฟ์ไซแอ็นซ์ จำกัด (มหาชน) 2009-08-06 Not applicable Thailand 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C05CA51 — Rutoside, combinations
- C05CA — Bioflavonoids
- C05C — CAPILLARY STABILIZING AGENTS
- C05 — VASOPROTECTIVES
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Benzopyrans
- Capillary Stabilizing Agents
- Chromones
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Flavonoids
- Flavonols
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Pyrans
- Vasoprotectives
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-3-o-glycosides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C3-position.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
- Class
- Flavonoids
- Sub Class
- Flavonoid glycosides
- Direct Parent
- Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
- Alternative Parents
- 3'-hydroxyflavonoids / 4'-hydroxyflavonoids / 5-hydroxyflavonoids / 7-hydroxyflavonoids / Flavones / O-glycosyl compounds / Chromones / Disaccharides / Catechols / Pyranones and derivatives show 12 more
- Substituents
- 1-benzopyran / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 3'-hydroxyflavonoid / 4'-hydroxyflavonoid / 5-hydroxyflavonoid / 7-hydroxyflavonoid / Acetal / Alcohol / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound show 25 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- rutinoside, disaccharide derivative, tetrahydroxyflavone, quercetin O-glucoside (CHEBI:28527) / flavonols (C05625)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5G06TVY3R7
- CAS number
- 153-18-4
- InChI Key
- IKGXIBQEEMLURG-NVPNHPEKSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C27H30O16/c1-8-17(32)20(35)22(37)26(40-8)39-7-15-18(33)21(36)23(38)27(42-15)43-25-19(34)16-13(31)5-10(28)6-14(16)41-24(25)9-2-3-11(29)12(30)4-9/h2-6,8,15,17-18,20-23,26-33,35-38H,7H2,1H3/t8-,15+,17-,18+,20+,21-,22+,23+,26+,27-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-{[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4H-chromen-4-one
- SMILES
- C[C@@H]1O[C@@H](OC[C@H]2O[C@@H](OC3=C(OC4=CC(O)=CC(O)=C4C3=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C=C3)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Yukio Suzuki, Kei Suzuki, Masaru Yoneyama, Toshio Miyake, "4.sup.G -alpha-D-glucopyranosyl rutin, and its preparation and uses." U.S. Patent US5171573, issued October, 1979.
US5171573- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0003249
- KEGG Compound
- C05625
- PubChem Compound
- 5280805
- PubChem Substance
- 46508549
- ChemSpider
- 4444362
- 9500
- ChEBI
- 28527
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL226335
- ZINC
- ZINC000004096846
- PharmGKB
- PA451291
- PDBe Ligand
- RUT
- Wikipedia
- Rutin
- PDB Entries
- 1ry8 / 8c3q
- MSDS
- Download (72 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data4 Completed Treatment Anemia, Pernicious / Megaloblastic anemia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Glaucoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (SIP) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- V Sab Medical Labs Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral Tablet, film coated Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral Capsule - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 125 °C PhysProp water solubility 125 mg/L MERCK (1989) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 3.54 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.15 ALOGPS logP -0.87 Chemaxon logS -2.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 6.37 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3.7 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 16 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 10 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 265.52 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 140.15 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 57.08 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 5 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8041 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.8542 Caco-2 permeable - 0.9172 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6901 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8759 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8546 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8977 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7639 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8962 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5374 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8673 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9545 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9249 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.6787 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.5118 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9608 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.8339 Rat acute toxicity 2.4984 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9814 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.7469
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 228.272102 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 214.9401103 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 233.031302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 228.78703 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 228.355802 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 227.7752149 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 234.857302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 230.89938 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 229.211902 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 247.7863025 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 234.122302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 236.91771 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Cytosolic aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of ketosteroids to hydroxysteroids. Acts as a NAD(P)(H)-dependent 3-, 17- and 20-ketosteroid reductase on the steroid nucleus and side chain and regulates the metabolism of androgens, estrogens and progesterone (PubMed:10622721, PubMed:11165022, PubMed:7650035, PubMed:9415401, PubMed:9927279). Displays the ability to catalyze both oxidation and reduction in vitro, but most probably acts as a reductase in vivo since the oxidase activity measured in vitro is inhibited by physiological concentration of NADPH (PubMed:11165022, PubMed:14672942). Acts preferentially as a 17-ketosteroid reductase and has the highest catalytic efficiency of the AKR1C enzyme for the reduction of delta4-androstenedione to form testosterone (PubMed:20036328). Reduces prostaglandin (PG) D2 to 11beta-prostaglandin F2, progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and estrone to 17beta-estradiol (PubMed:10622721, PubMed:10998348, PubMed:11165022, PubMed:15047184, PubMed:19010934, PubMed:20036328). Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) (PubMed:10557352, PubMed:10998348, PubMed:11165022, PubMed:14672942, PubMed:7650035, PubMed:9415401). Also displays retinaldehyde reductase activity toward 9-cis-retinal (PubMed:21851338)
- Specific Function
- 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-d dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1C3
- Uniprot ID
- P42330
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3
- Molecular Weight
- 36852.89 Da
References
- Skarydova L, Zivna L, Xiong G, Maser E, Wsol V: AKR1C3 as a potential target for the inhibitory effect of dietary flavonoids. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Mar 16;178(1-3):138-44. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.015. Epub 2008 Oct 19. [Article]
- Barski OA, Tipparaju SM, Bhatnagar A: The aldo-keto reductase superfamily and its role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Drug Metab Rev. 2008;40(4):553-624. doi: 10.1080/03602530802431439. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- NADPH-dependent reductase with broad substrate specificity. Catalyzes the reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl compounds including quinones, prostaglandins, menadione, plus various xenobiotics. Catalyzes the reduction of the antitumor anthracyclines doxorubicin and daunorubicin to the cardiotoxic compounds doxorubicinol and daunorubicinol (PubMed:15799708, PubMed:17344335, PubMed:17912391, PubMed:18449627, PubMed:18826943, PubMed:1921984, PubMed:7005231). Can convert prostaglandin E to prostaglandin F2-alpha (By similarity). Can bind glutathione, which explains its higher affinity for glutathione-conjugated substrates. Catalyzes the reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (PubMed:17344335, PubMed:18826943). In addition, participates in the glucocorticoid metabolism by catalyzing the NADPH-dependent cortisol/corticosterone into 20beta-dihydrocortisol (20b-DHF) or 20beta-corticosterone (20b-DHB), which are weak agonists of NR3C1 and NR3C2 in adipose tissue (PubMed:28878267)
- Specific Function
- 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity
- Gene Name
- CBR1
- Uniprot ID
- P16152
- Uniprot Name
- Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1
- Molecular Weight
- 30374.73 Da
References
- Carlquist M, Frejd T, Gorwa-Grauslund MF: Flavonoids as inhibitors of human carbonyl reductase 1. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 Jul 30;174(2):98-108. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.021. Epub 2008 May 23. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Yu CP, Wu PP, Hou YC, Lin SP, Tsai SY, Chen CT, Chao PD: Quercetin and rutin reduced the bioavailability of cyclosporine from Neoral, an immunosuppressant, through activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 May 11;59(9):4644-8. doi: 10.1021/jf104786t. Epub 2011 Apr 5. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22