Rifamycin

Overview

Description
A medication used to treat traveler's diarrhea.
Description
A medication used to treat traveler's diarrhea.
DrugBank ID
DB11753
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
YES
Other Approved
YES

Identification

Summary

Rifamycin is an antibacterial used to treat traveler's diarrhea.

Brand Names
Aemcolo
Generic Name
Rifamycin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB11753
Background

Rifamycin is the prime member of the rifamycin family which are represented by drugs that are a product of fermentation from the gram-positive bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei, also known as Streptomyces mediterranei. The parent compound of rifamycin was rifamycin B which was originally obtained as a main product in the presence of diethylbarburitic acid. Some small modifications where performed in this inactive compound and with the creation of rifamycin SV there was the first antibiotic used intravenously for the treatment of tuberculosis.2

Rifamycin has had several direct derivative products such as rifamycin SV, rifaximin, rifampin and rifamycin CV. All of the derivatives have slight different physicochemical properties when compared to the parent structure.1

Rifamycin was further developed by Cosmo Technologies Ltd and approved in November 16, 2018 by the FDA as a prescription drug after being granted the designation of Qualified Infectious Disease Product which allowed it to have a status a priority review.10 This drug was also sent for review to the EMA in 2015 by Dr. Falk Pharma Gmbh and it was granted a waiver for the tested conditions.11

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 697.778
Monoisotopic: 697.309825957
Chemical Formula
C37H47NO12
Synonyms
  • Rifamicina
  • Rifamicine SV
  • Rifamycin
  • Rifamycin SV
  • Rifamycine
  • Rifamycinum
  • Rifomycin SV
External IDs
  • M-14

Pharmacology

Indication

Rifamycin is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with travelers' diarrhea caused by noninvasive strains of E. coli. The status of the disease should not be complicated by fever or blood in the stool. To prevent drug-resistant bacteria, it is important to mention that the use of rifamycin for this indication should be only done in cases where the infection is proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.12

Travallers' diarrhea is very common problem affecting 20-60% of the travellers and it is defined as an increase in frequency of bowel movements to three or more loose stools per day during a trip abroad. This condition is rarely life threatening but in severe cases it can produce dehydration and sepsis. The most common cause of travellers' diarrhea is a pathogen and from the pathogens identified, bacteria is the most common cause followed by norovirus, rotavirus and similar viruses.3

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofNot complicated by fever, not complicated by bloody stool traveler's diarrhea caused by noninvasive strains of escherichia coli•••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Used in combination to treatSusceptible bacterial infectionsCombination Product in combination with: Lidocaine (DB00281)•••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Rifamycin is known to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and mycobacteria. It is very effective against E. coli reporting a MIC90 of 64-128 mcg/ml without showing cross-resistance with other antimicrobial agents.4

The specific indication of rifamycin is extremely important as ther were previous reports that indicated a high risk factor in the generation of resistant E. coli strains in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.13

In clinical trials, rifamycin was tested in a randomized clinical trial of travellers' coming from Mexico and Guatemala. In this trial, rifamycin was proven to significantly reduce the symptoms of travellers' diarrhea.12

Mechanism of action

Rifamycins, as well as all the other members of this group, present an antibacterial mechanism of action related to the inhibition of RNA synthesis. This mechanism of action is done by the strong binding to the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of prokaryotes. The inhibition of the RNA synthesis is thought to be related with the initiation phase of the process and to involve stacking interactions between the naphthalene ring and the aromatic moiety in the polymerase. As well, it has been suggested that the presence of zinc atoms in the polymerase allows for the binding of phenolic -OH groups of the naphthalene ring.9

In eukaryotic cells, the binding is significantly reduced making them at least 100 to 10,000 times less sensitive to the action of rifamycins. The members of the rifamycin family present the same mechanism of action and the structural modifications are usually related to pharmacokinetic properties as well as to the interaction with eukaryotic cells.8

TargetActionsOrganism
ADNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
inhibitor
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv)
ADNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'
inhibitor
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ADNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
binder
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
ADNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha
binder
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
ADNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'
binder
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Absorption

Rifamycin has a very poor absorption4 and thus, the generation of an oral modified-release formulation using the technology of the multi-matrix structure was required for the generation of the FDA approved product. This preparation allows the delivery of the active ingredient in the distal small bowel and colon without interfering with the flora in the upper gastrointestinal tract.5

The multi-matrix is made by a lipophiic matrix surrounded in a hydrophilic matrix which allows for the protection of the active ingredient from dissolution in the intestinal aqueous fluids before it arrives in the cecum. All this matrix is surrounded by a gastro-resistant polymer that only desintegrate in a pH lower than 7.6

All this administration-customed formulation allows for a bioavailability of <0.1% and the plasma concentrations are reported to be of <2 ng/ml in patients receiving a dose of 400 mg. This confirms that the site of action of rifamycin stays in the small intestine and colon which prevents the need for dose adjustments in special populations as well as systemic drug interactions.6

The reported Cmax, tmax, AUC and mean residence time after a dosage of 250 mg of rifamycin is 36 mg/L, 5 min, 11.84 mg.h/L and 0.49 h respectively.6

Volume of distribution

The reported volume of distribution after measured after a dosage of 250 mg of rifamycin is 101.8 L.6

Protein binding

The protein binding of rifamycin is of about 80-95%.7

Metabolism

When absorbed, rifamycin is mainly metabolzied in hepatocytes and intestinal microsomes to a 25-deacetyl metabolite.6

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

From the administered dose, 18%, 50% and 21% is recovered in feces during the first 24, 48 and 72h after administration. This will represent about 90% of the administered dose eliminated by the feces while the urinary secretion is negligible.6

Half-life

The reported half-life when a dose of 250 mg of rifamycin was administered is 3 h.6

Clearance

The reported clearance when a dose of 250 mg of rifamycin was administered is 23.3 L/h.6

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

In safety studies with rifamycin, it was reported a potential of hepatotoxicity due to the depletion of glutathione and the generation of reactive oxygen species in liver microsomes. It is important to mention that this effect is mainly observed in the intravenous administration as the oral dosage does not have a significant systemic absorption.7

Rifamycin is not genotoxic in bacterial mutation assays, mouse cell mutation assay or mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. There is no current information about the effects on fertility, overdosage or carcinogenesis.Label

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcebutololThe metabolism of Acebutolol can be increased when combined with Rifamycin.
AcenocoumarolThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Rifamycin is combined with Acenocoumarol.
AmbroxolThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Rifamycin is combined with Ambroxol.
ArticaineThe risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Rifamycin is combined with Articaine.
AtenololThe metabolism of Atenolol can be increased when combined with Rifamycin.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take with a full glass of water.
  • Take with or without food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Rifamycin sodium32086GS35Z14897-39-3YVOFSHPIJOYKSH-NLYBMVFSSA-M
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AemcoloTablet, delayed release194 mg/1OralRedHill Biopharma Ltd2021-07-01Not applicableUS flag
AemcoloTablet, delayed release194 mg/1OralAries Pharmaceuticals Inc2019-02-012022-04-01US flag
AemcoloTablet, delayed release194 mg/1OralRedHill Biopharma Ltd2021-07-01Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
RIF 125 MG 1 AMPULRifamycin sodium (125 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (5 mg)SolutionIntramuscularKOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.2008-04-17Not applicableTurkey flag
RİF 250 MG/3 ML IM ENJEKSİYONLUK ÇÖZELTİ (1 AMPUL)Rifamycin sodium (250 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg)SolutionIntramuscularKOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.2008-04-17Not applicableTurkey flag
RİF 250 MG/3 ML IM ENJEKSİYONLUK ÇÖZELTİ (100 AMPUL)Rifamycin sodium (250 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg)SolutionIntramuscularKOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.2008-04-17Not applicableTurkey flag
RIFETEM 125 MG / 1,5 ML AMPUL, 1 ADETRifamycin (125 mg/1.5ml) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (5 mg/1.5ml)SolutionIntramuscularMENARİNİ SAĞLIK VE İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.1996-05-032021-03-16Turkey flag
RIFETEM 250 MG / 3 ML AMPUL, 1 ADETRifamycin (250 mg/3ml) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/3ml)SolutionIntramuscularİ.E. ULAGAY İLAÇ SAN. TÜRK A.Ş.1996-05-032024-01-23Turkey flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01AA16 — RifamycinS02AA12 — RifamycinD06AX15 — RifamycinA07AA13 — RifamycinJ04AB03 — Rifamycin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as macrolactams. These are cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. They are nitrogen analogues (the a nitrogen atom replacing the o atom of the cyclic carboxylic acid group ) of the naturally occurring macrolides.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Macrolactams
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Macrolactams
Alternative Parents
Naphthofurans / Naphthols and derivatives / Benzofurans / Coumarans / Aryl alkyl ketones / Hydroquinones / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Ketals / Secondary carboxylic acid amides / Secondary alcohols
show 11 more
Substituents
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-naphthol / Acetal / Alcohol / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl alkyl ketone / Aryl ketone / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzofuran
show 27 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
acetate ester, polyphenol, lactam, macrocycle, cyclic ketal, rifamycin (CHEBI:29673) / Ansamycins and related polyketides (C12044) / Ansamycins and related polyketides (LMPK05000005)
Affected organisms
  • Escherichia coli

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
DU69T8ZZPA
CAS number
6998-60-3
InChI Key
HJYYPODYNSCCOU-ODRIEIDWSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C37H47NO12/c1-16-11-10-12-17(2)36(46)38-23-15-24(40)26-27(32(23)44)31(43)21(6)34-28(26)35(45)37(8,50-34)48-14-13-25(47-9)18(3)33(49-22(7)39)20(5)30(42)19(4)29(16)41/h10-16,18-20,25,29-30,33,40-44H,1-9H3,(H,38,46)/b11-10+,14-13+,17-12-/t16-,18+,19+,20+,25-,29-,30+,33+,37-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E,21Z)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.1^{4,7}.0^{5,28}]triaconta-1,3,5(28),9,19,21,25(29),26-octaen-13-yl acetate
SMILES
CO[C@H]1\C=C\O[C@@]2(C)OC3=C(C)C(O)=C4C(O)=C(NC(=O)\C(C)=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H]1C)C=C(O)C4=C3C2=O

References

General References
  1. Lin SW, Lin CJ, Yang JC: Rifamycin SV MMX for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017 Aug;18(12):1269-1277. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1353079. Epub 2017 Jul 27. [Article]
  2. Sensi P: History of the development of rifampin. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;5 Suppl 3:S402-6. [Article]
  3. Barrett J, Brown M: Travellers' diarrhoea. BMJ. 2016 Apr 19;353:i1937. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1937. [Article]
  4. Ross AG, Olds GR, Cripps AW, Farrar JJ, McManus DP: Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 9;368(19):1817-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1207777. [Article]
  5. Rosette C, Buendia-Laysa F Jr, Patkar S, Moro L, Celasco G, Bozzella R, Ajani M, Gerloni M: Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of rifamycin SV. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013 Aug;42(2):182-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.04.020. Epub 2013 Jun 5. [Article]
  6. Di Stefano AF, Rusca A, Loprete L, Droge MJ, Moro L, Assandri A: Systemic absorption of rifamycin SV MMX administered as modified-release tablets in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 May;55(5):2122-8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01504-10. Epub 2011 Mar 14. [Article]
  7. Aristoff PA, Garcia GA, Kirchhoff PD, Showalter HD: Rifamycins--obstacles and opportunities. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2010 Mar;90(2):94-118. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.001. Epub 2010 Mar 16. [Article]
  8. Floss HG, Yu TW: Rifamycin-mode of action, resistance, and biosynthesis. Chem Rev. 2005 Feb;105(2):621-32. doi: 10.1021/cr030112j. [Article]
  9. Kerr P. (2013). Fighting multidrug resistance with herbal extracts, essential oils and their components. Academic Press.
  10. FDA approvals [Link]
  11. EMA approvals [Link]
  12. FDA news [Link]
  13. Bentham Science [Link]
  14. FDA Approved Drug Products: AEMCOLO (rifamycin) delayed-release tablets, for oral use [Link]
KEGG Drug
D02549
KEGG Compound
C12044
PubChem Substance
347911235
ChemSpider
16735998
BindingDB
50391000
RxNav
35616
ChEBI
29673
ChEMBL
CHEMBL437765
ZINC
ZINC000169633673
Wikipedia
Rifamycin
FDA label
Download (349 KB)
MSDS
Download (23.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableCompletedBasic ScienceHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4Active Not RecruitingPreventionImpacted Third Molar Tooth1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4RecruitingTreatmentPulmonology1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3CompletedTreatmentTraveler's Diarrhea2somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3RecruitingTreatmentCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections / Tuberculosis (TB)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, delayed releaseOral194 mg/1
SolutionIntramuscular125 mg
SolutionIntramuscular250 mg
InjectionIntramuscular125 mg/1.5ml
SolutionTopical1 g
Solution / dropsOphthalmic1 %
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)1 %
SolutionIntramuscular
Injection, solutionIntramuscular250 MG/3ML
Injection, solutionIntravenous250 MG/10ML
Injection, solutionIntravenous500 MG/10ML
Injection, solutionIntramuscular
Solution / dropsOphthalmic10 mg/5ml
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)100 mg/10ml
Injection, solution250 mg/3ml
Tablet200 MG
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US8741948No2014-06-032025-05-03US flag
US8263120No2012-09-112025-05-03US flag
US8529945No2013-09-102025-05-03US flag
US8486446No2013-07-162025-05-03US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)171 ºC'MSDS'
boiling point (°C)972.8 ºC at 760 mm Hg'MSDS'
water solubilityInsolubleShu-Wen L., Chun-Jung L. and Jyh-Chin Y. (2017). Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy. Vol 18.
logP5Shu-Wen L., Chun-Jung L. and Jyh-Chin Y. (2017). Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy. Vol 18.
pKa1.8Stefano A., Rusca A., Loprete L., Droge M., Moro L. and Assandri A. (2011). Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0147 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.15ALOGPS
logP4.17Chemaxon
logS-4.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.09Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.1Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count11Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area201.31 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity187.8 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability72.6 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000t-0000009000-0372fcdb560ddf5022da
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0592-1000009000-efea59d1e6d3cb32977d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e467f5002f9c5e056d87
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052s-0000009000-8d646417a33dc9e71dd9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03fs-2000009000-5f49f8e572137fdaf7ec
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000t-0000009000-e2f4e57e940a0e6c1ac5
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-264.6304243
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-261.33533
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+264.5424243
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+263.17422
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+264.1724243
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+269.3163
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Specific Function
DNA binding
Gene Name
rpoB
Uniprot ID
P9WGY9
Uniprot Name
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
Molecular Weight
129863.895 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Specific Function
DNA binding
Gene Name
rpoC
Uniprot ID
P9WGY7
Uniprot Name
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'
Molecular Weight
146768.085 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Binder
General Function
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Specific Function
DNA binding
Gene Name
rpoB
Uniprot ID
P0A8V2
Uniprot Name
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
Molecular Weight
150631.165 Da
References
  1. Floss HG, Yu TW: Rifamycin-mode of action, resistance, and biosynthesis. Chem Rev. 2005 Feb;105(2):621-32. doi: 10.1021/cr030112j. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Binder
General Function
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. This subunit plays an important role in subunit assembly since its dimerization is the first step in the sequential assembly of subunits to form the holoenzyme.
Specific Function
DNA binding
Gene Name
rpoA
Uniprot ID
P0A7Z4
Uniprot Name
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
36511.35 Da
References
  1. Floss HG, Yu TW: Rifamycin-mode of action, resistance, and biosynthesis. Chem Rev. 2005 Feb;105(2):621-32. doi: 10.1021/cr030112j. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Binder
General Function
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Specific Function
DNA binding
Gene Name
rpoC
Uniprot ID
P0A8T7
Uniprot Name
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'
Molecular Weight
155158.84 Da
References
  1. Floss HG, Yu TW: Rifamycin-mode of action, resistance, and biosynthesis. Chem Rev. 2005 Feb;105(2):621-32. doi: 10.1021/cr030112j. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
Inducer
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55944.565 Da
References
  1. Pea F, Furlanut M: Pharmacokinetic aspects of treating infections in the intensive care unit: focus on drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2001;40(11):833-68. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200140110-00004. [Article]
  2. Edwards RJ, Price RJ, Watts PS, Renwick AB, Tredger JM, Boobis AR, Lake BG: Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes in cultured precision-cut human liver slices. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Mar;31(3):282-8. [Article]
  3. Ridtitid W, Wongnawa M, Mahatthanatrakul W, Punyo J, Sunbhanich M: Rifampin markedly decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Nov;72(5):505-13. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.129319. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
Inducer
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:21289075). Hydroxylates steroid hormones, including testosterone at C-16 and estrogens at C-2 (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including plant lipids and drugs (PubMed:11695850, PubMed:22909231). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850)
Specific Function
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID
P20813
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight
56277.81 Da
References
  1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
Specific Function
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
Inducer
Curator comments
Rifamycin derivatives are inducers of CYP2C9 hepatic enzyme. This enzyme action is based on the drug class of Rifamycin.
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
  2. Chen Y, Ferguson SS, Negishi M, Goldstein JA: Induction of human CYP2C9 by rifampicin, hyperforin, and phenobarbital is mediated by the pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):495-501. Epub 2003 Nov 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58406.915 Da
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
Specific Function
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
Specific Function
antioxidant activity
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Di Stefano AF, Rusca A, Loprete L, Droge MJ, Moro L, Assandri A: Systemic absorption of rifamycin SV MMX administered as modified-release tablets in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 May;55(5):2122-8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01504-10. Epub 2011 Mar 14. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Na(+)-independent transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of a broad range of organic anions such as the endogenous bile salts cholate and deoxycholate, either in their unconjugated or conjugated forms (taurocholate and glycocholate), at the plasmam membrane (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:7557095). Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) (PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:23918469, PubMed:25560245, PubMed:9539145). Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision (PubMed:25560245). Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs (PubMed:17301733, PubMed:20686826, PubMed:27777271). Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20358049). Also transports prostaglandin E2 (PubMed:19129463). Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Specific Function
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLCO1A2
Uniprot ID
P46721
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
Molecular Weight
74144.105 Da
References
  1. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y: Drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and various drugs via OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1229-36. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009290. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
Specific Function
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID
Q9Y6L6
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
Molecular Weight
76447.99 Da
References
  1. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y: Drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and various drugs via OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1229-36. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009290. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver (PubMed:22232210). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:15159445). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748)
Specific Function
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLCO1B3
Uniprot ID
Q9NPD5
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
Molecular Weight
77402.175 Da
References
  1. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y: Drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and various drugs via OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1229-36. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009290. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Mediates the transport of prostaglandins (PGs, mainly PGE2, PGE1, PGE3, PGF2alpha, PGD2, PGH2) and thromboxanes (thromboxane B2) across the cell membrane (PubMed:11997326, PubMed:26692285, PubMed:8787677). PGs and thromboxanes play fundamental roles in diverse functions such as intraocular pressure, gastric acid secretion, renal salt and water transport, vascular tone, and fever (PubMed:15044627). Plays a role in the clearance of PGs from the circulation through cellular uptake, which allows cytoplasmic oxidation and PG signal termination (PubMed:8787677). PG uptake is dependent upon membrane potential and involves exchange of a monovalent anionic substrate (PGs exist physiologically as an anionic monovalent form) with a stoichiometry of 1:1 for divalent anions or of 1:2 for monovalent anions (PubMed:29204966). Uses lactate, generated by glycolysis, as a counter-substrate to mediate PGE2 influx and efflux (PubMed:11997326). Under nonglycolytic conditions, metabolites other than lactate might serve as counter-substrates (PubMed:11997326). Although the mechanism is not clear, this transporter can function in bidirectional mode (PubMed:29204966). When apically expressed in epithelial cells, it facilitates transcellular transport (also called vectorial release), extracting PG from the apical medium and facilitating transport across the cell toward the basolateral side, whereupon the PG exits the cell by simple diffusion (By similarity). In the renal collecting duct, regulates renal Na+ balance by removing PGE2 from apical medium (PGE2 EP4 receptor is likely localized to the luminal/apical membrane and stimulates Na+ resorption) and transporting it toward the basolateral membrane (where PGE2 EP1 and EP3 receptors inhibit Na+ resorption) (By similarity). Plays a role in endometrium during decidualization, increasing uptake of PGs by decidual cells (PubMed:16339169). Involved in critical events for ovulation (PubMed:27169804). Regulates extracellular PGE2 concentration for follicular development in the ovaries (By similarity). Expressed intracellularly, may contribute to vesicular uptake of newly synthesized intracellular PGs, thereby facilitating exocytotic secretion of PGs without being metabolized (By similarity). Essential core component of the major type of large-conductance anion channel, Maxi-Cl, which plays essential roles in inorganic anion transport, cell volume regulation and release of ATP and glutamate not only in physiological processes but also in pathological processes (By similarity). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Specific Function
lipid transporter activity
Gene Name
SLCO2A1
Uniprot ID
Q92959
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1
Molecular Weight
70043.33 Da
References
  1. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y: Drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and various drugs via OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1229-36. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009290. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of steroid sulfate conjugates and other specific organic anions (PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:11932330, PubMed:12724351, PubMed:14610227, PubMed:16908597, PubMed:18501590, PubMed:20507927, PubMed:22201122, PubMed:23531488, PubMed:25132355, PubMed:26383540, PubMed:27576593, PubMed:28408210, PubMed:29871943, PubMed:34628357). Responsible for the transport of estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) through the basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, highlighting a potential role in the placental absorption of fetal-derived sulfated steroids including the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (PubMed:11932330, PubMed:12409283). Also facilitates the uptake of sulfated steroids at the basal/sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, therefore accounting for the major part of organic anions clearance of liver (PubMed:11159893). Mediates the intestinal uptake of sulfated steroids (PubMed:12724351, PubMed:28408210). Mediates the uptake of the neurosteroids DHEA-S and pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) into the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier as the first step to enter the brain (PubMed:16908597, PubMed:25132355). Also plays a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May act as a heme transporter that promotes cellular iron availability via heme oxygenase/HMOX2 and independently of TFRC (PubMed:35714613). Also transports heme by-product coproporphyrin III (CPIII), and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). Mediates the uptake of other substrates such as prostaglandins D2 (PGD2), E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2), taurocholate, L-thyroxine, leukotriene C4 and thromboxane B2 (PubMed:10873595, PubMed:14610227, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:29871943, Ref.25). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:14610227, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:22201122). The exact transport mechanism has not been yet deciphered but most likely involves an anion exchange, coupling the cellular uptake of organic substrate with the efflux of an anionic compound (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20507927, PubMed:26277985). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as a probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Cytoplasmic glutamate may also act as counteranion in the placenta (PubMed:26277985). An inwardly directed proton gradient has also been proposed as the driving force of E1S uptake with a (H(+):E1S) stoichiometry of (1:1) (PubMed:20507927)
Specific Function
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID
O94956
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
Molecular Weight
76697.93 Da
References
  1. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y: Drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and various drugs via OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1229-36. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009290. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17509534). Plays a physiological role in the excretion of cationic compounds including endogenous metabolites, drugs, toxins through the kidney and liver, into urine and bile respectively (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as creatinine, vitamin B1/thiamine, agmatine and estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). May also contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Specific Function
antiporter activity
Gene Name
SLC47A1
Uniprot ID
Q96FL8
Uniprot Name
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
Molecular Weight
61921.585 Da
References
  1. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y: Drug-drug interaction between pitavastatin and various drugs via OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1229-36. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009290. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
Specific Function
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: AEMCOLO (rifamycin) delayed-release tablets, for oral use [Link]

Drug created at October 20, 2016 20:45 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:24