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Identification
- Summary
Taurine is an ingredient found in mixture products indicated for nutritional support.
- Brand Names
- Aminosyn-PF 7%, Premasol, Primene, Trophamine 10 %
- Generic Name
- Taurine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01956
- Background
Taurine, whose chemical name is 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is one of the most abundant amino acids in several organs. It plays important role in essential biological processes.1 This conditional amino acid can be either be manufactured by the body or obtained in the diet mainly by the consumption of fish and meat.8 The supplements containing taurine were FDA approved by 1984 and they are hypertonic injections composed by cristalline amino acids.Label
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Taurine (DB01956)
- Weight
- Average: 125.147
Monoisotopic: 125.014663785 - Chemical Formula
- C2H7NO3S
- Synonyms
- Aminoethylsulfonic acid
- Taurine
- Taurineold
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 3813
Pharmacology
- Indication
The use of diet supplements containing taurine is indicated for the nutritional support of infants and young pediatric patients requiring total parenteral nutrition via central or peripheral routes. The usage of diet supplements containing taurine prevents nitrogen and weight loss or to treat negative nitrogen balance in pediatric patients where the alimentary tract cannot be done through oral, gastrostomy or jejunostomy administration, there is impaired gastrointestinal absorption or protein requirements are substantially increased.Label
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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The diet supplements containing taurine are formulated as a well-tolerated nitrogen source for nutritional support. Administration of diet supplements regulates the level of plasma amino acid concentration, nitrogen balance, weight and serum protein concentration to reach normal values, thus improving the nutritional status.Label
- Mechanism of action
The diet supplements containing taurine function by replacing the missing nutriments in the body. Taurine, as a single agent, presents different functions like substrate for formation of bile salts, cell volume regulation, modulation of intracellular calcium, cytoprotection of central nervous system, etc.2
Target Actions Organism AGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B inhibitorHumans AGlycine receptor subunit beta agonistHumans AGlycine receptor subunit alpha-2 agonistHumans AGlycine receptor subunit alpha-3 agonistHumans AGABA(A) Receptor agonistHumans AGamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 agonistHumans AGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1 agonistHumans UAlpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UCholoylglycine hydrolase Not Available Clostridium perfringens (strain 13 / Type A) - Absorption
Oral administration of taurine was studied and it reported dose-dependent values of AUC, Cmax and tmax wherein a dose of 1-30 mg/kg ranged from 89-3452 mcg min/L, 2-15.7 mcg min/ml and 15 min respectively.3 Further studies in healthy individuals gave an AUC, Cmax and tmax in the range of 116-284.5 mg h/L, 59-112.6 mg/L and 1-2.5 h.4
- Volume of distribution
The distribution of taurine was studied under the two-compartment model and each one of the compartments gave a range for the volume of distribution of 299-353 ml/kg in compartment 1 and 4608-8374 ml/kg in compartment 2 in mice.3 Further studies in healthy indivudals gave a volume of distribution that ranged from 19.8 to 40.7 L.4
- Protein binding
Taurine is highly bound to plasma proteins and retained in the plasma fraction.6
- Metabolism
Taurine can be metabolized by diverse organisms to form different types of metabolites derived from the original form of taurine. In the human, the pathways that form the metabolism of taurine are divided in the formation of 5-glutamyl-taurine by the action of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 or the formation of taurocholate by the action of the bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase.9
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- Route of elimination
Taurine flows and gets distributed in veins and arteries and reports have observed the presence of a significant released of taurine in portally drained viscera, thus suggesting that the main elimination route of taurine is by the gut. This elimination route may be explained by the enterohepatic cycle of taurine.5
- Half-life
Oral administration of taurine in healthy individuals gave a plasma elimination half-life that ranged from 0.7-1.4 h.4
- Clearance
The clearance rate of orally administered taurine was reported to be dose-dependent wherein a dose of 1 mg/kg it presents a clearance rate of 11.7 ml min/kg, 10 mg/kg generates a clearance rate of 18.7 ml min/kg and a dose of 30 mg/kg reports a clearance rate of 9.4 ml min/kg.3 Further studies in healthy individuals generate a clearance rate that ranged from 14 to 34.4 L/h.4
- Adverse Effects
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The administration of taurine has been correlatefd to significant in the hypothalamus and the modification of neuroendocrine functions. Other than that, taurine administration in regular doses is reported by different articles and institutions to be safe.7
- Pathways
Pathway Category Zellweger Syndrome Disease Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism Metabolic Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type II Disease 27-Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease Bile Acid Biosynthesis Metabolic Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX) Disease Familial Hypercholanemia (FHCA) Disease Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type III Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image GNC Taurine 500mg Caplet Capsule 500 mg Oral GNC LIVEWELL MALAYSIA SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
Lingtea Powder 1 g/100g Oral Linger Water 2018-06-25 Not applicable US 
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (200 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy 
AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (120 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (120 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (200 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (120 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ginsamin Energy Taurine (1000 mg/20g) + Ascorbic acid (1000 mg/20g) + Creatine (10000 mg/20g) + Ginkgo biloba (160 mg/20g) + Ginseng (200 mg/20g) Liquid Oral Biogrand Co., Ltd 2010-03-07 Not applicable US Lingtea Taurine (1 g/100g) Powder Oral Linger Water 2018-06-25 Not applicable US Primene Taurine (0.15 g/250mL) + Alanine (2 g/250mL) + Arginine (2.1 g/250mL) + Aspartic acid (1.5 g/250mL) + Cysteine (0.47 g/250mL) + Glutamic acid (2.5 g/250mL) + Glycine (1 g/250mL) + Histidine (0.95 g/250mL) + Isoleucine (1.675 g/250mL) + Leucine (2.5 g/250mL) + Lysine (2.75 g/250mL) + Methionine (0.6 g/250mL) + Ornithine hydrochloride (0.8 g/250mL) + Phenylalanine (1.05 g/250mL) + Proline (0.75 g/250mL) + Serine (1 g/250mL) + Threonine (0.9 g/250mL) + Tryptophan (0.5 g/250mL) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/250mL) + Valine (1.9 g/250mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-11-22 2019-05-31 US Tozal Taurine (400 mg/31) + Ascorbic acid (452 mg/31) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/31) + Copper (1.6 mg/31) + Cyanocobalamin (100 ug/31) + Folic acid (1 mg/31) + Lutein (15 mg/31) + Omega-3 fatty acids (600 mg/31) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/31) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 [iU]/31) + Vitamin E (200 [iU]/31) + Zeaxanthin (3 mg/31) + Zinc picolinate (40 mg/31) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Focus Laboratories, Inc. 2013-06-01 2015-07-15 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organosulfonic acids. These are compounds containing the sulfonic acid group, which has the general structure RS(=O)2OH (R is not a hydrogen atom).
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Organosulfonic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Organosulfonic acids
- Alternative Parents
- Sulfonyls / Alkanesulfonic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alkanesulfonic acid / Amine / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organopnictogen compound / Organosulfonic acid
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- amino sulfonic acid (CHEBI:15891)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 1EQV5MLY3D
- CAS number
- 107-35-7
- InChI Key
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid
- SMILES
- NCCS(O)(=O)=O
References
- General References
- Olson JE, Martinho E Jr: Regulation of taurine transport in rat hippocampal neurons by hypo-osmotic swelling. J Neurochem. 2006 Mar;96(5):1375-89. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03652.x. [Article]
- Ripps H, Shen W: Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Mol Vis. 2012;18:2673-86. Epub 2012 Nov 12. [Article]
- Nielsen CU, Bjerg M, Ulaganathan N, Holm R: Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of taurine in sprague-dawley rats: the influence of dose and the possible involvement of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, in oral taurine absorption. Physiol Rep. 2017 Oct;5(19). pii: 5/19/e13467. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13467. Epub 2017 Oct 16. [Article]
- Ghandforoush-Sattari M, Mashayekhi S, Krishna CV, Thompson JP, Routledge PA: Pharmacokinetics of oral taurine in healthy volunteers. J Amino Acids. 2010;2010:346237. doi: 10.4061/2010/346237. Epub 2010 Jun 29. [Article]
- van Stijn MF, Vermeulen MA, Siroen MP, Wong LN, van den Tol MP, Ligthart-Melis GC, Houdijk AP, van Leeuwen PA: Human taurine metabolism: fluxes and fractional extraction rates of the gut, liver, and kidneys. Metabolism. 2012 Jul;61(7):1036-40. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.12.005. Epub 2012 Feb 2. [Article]
- Tang DQ, Li YJ, Li Z, Bian TT, Chen K, Zheng XX, Yu YY, Jiang SS: Study on the interaction of plasma protein binding rate between edaravone and taurine in human plasma based on HPLC analysis coupled with ultrafiltration technique. Biomed Chromatogr. 2015 Aug;29(8):1137-45. doi: 10.1002/bmc.3401. Epub 2014 Dec 26. [Article]
- Mantovani J, DeVivo DC: Effects of taurine on seizures and growth hormone release in epileptic patients. Arch Neurol. 1979 Nov;36(11):672-4. [Article]
- FDA GRAS [Link]
- KEGG metabolism [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000251
- KEGG Drug
- D00047
- KEGG Compound
- C00245
- PubChem Compound
- 1123
- PubChem Substance
- 46506189
- ChemSpider
- 1091
- BindingDB
- 50357220
- 10337
- ChEBI
- 507393
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL239243
- ZINC
- ZINC000003809490
- PharmGKB
- PA451590
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- TAU
- Wikipedia
- Taurine
- PDB Entries
- 1gqw / 1gy9 / 1os7 / 1otj / 2bjf / 2bz1 / 3uyw / 3v39 / 4fcf / 4foq … show 15 more
- FDA label
- Download (176 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (47.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Treatment Hematological Malignancy 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Periodontitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Prevention End Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis (Diagnosis) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Treatment Decline, Cognitive / Diabetes Mellitus / Taurine 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Treatment Diabetes / Lower Extremity Artery Disease / Taurine 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 11.000 g/1000ml Solution Intravenous 18.5 g/L Injection Intravenous 5.5 g/1000ml Syrup Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Liquid Oral Tablet Oral Capsule Oral 500 mg Injection, emulsion Intravenous Powder Oral 1 g/100g Liquid Cutaneous Injection, emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 0.466 g Injection Intravenous Injection Intravenous 4 g/l Liquid Intravenous Capsule Oral Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 14 g/1000ml Emulsion Parenteral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Solution Intravenous Liquid Ophthalmic - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 300 °C 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) It decomposes before reaching boiling point (325ºC) O'Neil, MJ. The Merxk Index. (2013) water solubility 65 g/L in cold water 'MSDS' pKa 1.5 Dawson et al. Data for Biochemical Research. 3 ed. (1986) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 105.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.2 ALOGPS logP -2.6 Chemaxon logS -0.08 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) -1.5 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.34 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 80.39 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 2 Chemaxon Refractivity 24.61 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 10.82 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.6511 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7419 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6272 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.8245 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.878 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9704 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8833 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8835 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8043 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7015 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9165 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9217 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9331 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9215 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9763 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9712 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Carcinogens 0.6212 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.7666 Rat acute toxicity 1.4296 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.5873 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8162
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 117.3864659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 124.2561512 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 117.2537659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 117.3287659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 128.31456 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 117.8453659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.7491659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.8168659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.6118659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 131.11516 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 117.2398659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 117.3399659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 117.2428659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 117.1094659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 139.17418 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Component of NMDA receptor complexes that function as heterotetrameric, ligand-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Channel activation requires binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the epsilon subunit, glycine binding to the zeta subunit, plus membrane depolarization to eliminate channel inhibition by Mg(2+) (PubMed:26875626, PubMed:26919761, PubMed:28126851, PubMed:8768735). Sensitivity to glutamate and channel kinetics depend on the subunit composition (PubMed:26875626, PubMed:8768735). In concert with DAPK1 at extrasynaptic sites, acts as a central mediator for stroke damage. Its phosphorylation at Ser-1303 by DAPK1 enhances synaptic NMDA receptor channel activity inducing injurious Ca2+ influx through them, resulting in an irreversible neuronal death. Contributes to neural pattern formation in the developing brain. Plays a role in long-term depression (LTD) of hippocampus membrane currents and in synaptic plasticity (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- amyloid-beta binding
- Gene Name
- GRIN2B
- Uniprot ID
- Q13224
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B
- Molecular Weight
- 166365.885 Da
References
- Chan CY, Singh I, Magnuson H, Zohaib M, Bakshi KP, Le Francois B, Anazco-Ayala A, Lee EJ, Tom A, YeeMon K, Ragnauth A, Friedman E, Banerjee SP: Taurine Targets the GluN2b-Containing NMDA Receptor Subtype. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:531-44. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_43. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Glycine receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels. GLRB does not form ligand-gated ion channels by itself, but is part of heteromeric ligand-gated chloride channels. Channel opening is triggered by extracellular glycine (PubMed:11929858, PubMed:15302677, PubMed:16144831, PubMed:22715885, PubMed:23238346, PubMed:25445488, PubMed:34473954, PubMed:8717357). Heteropentameric channels composed of GLRB and GLRA1 are activated by lower glycine levels than homopentameric GLRA1 (PubMed:8717357). Plays an important role in the down-regulation of neuronal excitability (PubMed:11929858, PubMed:23238346). Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (PubMed:25445488)
- Specific Function
- extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activity
- Gene Name
- GLRB
- Uniprot ID
- P48167
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 56121.62 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Glycine receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels. Channel opening is triggered by extracellular glycine (PubMed:15302677, PubMed:16144831, PubMed:2155780, PubMed:23895467, PubMed:25445488, PubMed:26370147, PubMed:34473954). Channel opening is also triggered by taurine and beta-alanine (PubMed:15302677). Plays a role in synaptic plasticity (By similarity). Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents, and is involved in the down-regulation of neuronal excitability (PubMed:25445488). Plays a role in cellular responses to ethanol (PubMed:23895467)
- Specific Function
- extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activity
- Gene Name
- GLRA2
- Uniprot ID
- P23416
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
- Molecular Weight
- 52001.585 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Glycine receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels. Channel opening is triggered by extracellular glycine (PubMed:26416729, PubMed:9677400). Channel characteristics depend on the subunit composition; heteropentameric channels display faster channel closure (By similarity). Plays an important role in the down-regulation of neuronal excitability (By similarity). Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (By similarity). Contributes to increased pain perception in response to increased prostaglandin E2 levels (By similarity). Plays a role in cellular responses to ethanol (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activity
- Gene Name
- GLRA3
- Uniprot ID
- O75311
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3
- Molecular Weight
- 53799.775 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Alpha subunit of the heteropentameric ligand-gated chloride channel gated by Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (PubMed:23909897, PubMed:25489750, PubMed:29950725, PubMed:30602789). GABA-gated chloride channels, also named GABA(A) receptors (GABAAR), consist of five subunits arranged around a central pore and contain GABA active binding site(s) located at the alpha and beta subunit interface(s) (PubMed:29950725, PubMed:30602789). When activated by GABA, GABAARs selectively allow the flow of chloride anions across the cell membrane down their electrochemical gradient (PubMed:23909897, PubMed:29950725, PubMed:30602789). Alpha-1/GABRA1-containing GABAARs are largely synaptic (By similarity). Chloride influx into the postsynaptic neuron following GABAAR opening decreases the neuron ability to generate a new action potential, thereby reducing nerve transmission (By similarity). GABAARs containing alpha-1 and beta-2 or -3 subunits exhibit synaptogenic activity; the gamma-2 subunit being necessary but not sufficient to induce rapid synaptic contacts formation (PubMed:23909897, PubMed:25489750). GABAARs function also as histamine receptor where histamine binds at the interface of two neighboring beta subunits and potentiates GABA response (By similarity). GABAARs containing alpha, beta and epsilon subunits also permit spontaneous chloride channel activity while preserving the structural information required for GABA-gated openings (By similarity). Alpha-1-mediated plasticity in the orbitofrontal cortex regulates context-dependent action selection (By similarity). Together with rho subunits, may also control neuronal and glial GABAergic transmission in the cerebellum (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- GABA-A receptor activity
Components:
References
- Kilb W, Fukuda A: Taurine as an Essential Neuromodulator during Perinatal Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct 24;11:328. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00328. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2 (PubMed:15617512, PubMed:18165688, PubMed:22660477, PubMed:24305054, PubMed:36103875, PubMed:9872316, PubMed:9872744). Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coupling to G proteins (PubMed:18165688). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:10773016, PubMed:10906333, PubMed:24305054, PubMed:9872744). Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-dependent calcium-channels and modulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (PubMed:10075644). Calcium is required for high affinity binding to GABA (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the fine-tuning of inhibitory synaptic transmission (PubMed:9844003). Pre-synaptic GABA receptor inhibits neurotransmitter release by down-regulating high-voltage activated calcium channels, whereas postsynaptic GABA receptor decreases neuronal excitability by activating a prominent inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) conductance that underlies the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:22660477, PubMed:9844003, PubMed:9872316, PubMed:9872744). Not only implicated in synaptic inhibition but also in hippocampal long-term potentiation, slow wave sleep, muscle relaxation and antinociception (Probable). Activated by (-)-baclofen, cgp27492 and blocked by phaclofen (PubMed:24305054, PubMed:9844003, PubMed:9872316)
- Specific Function
- extracellular matrix protein binding
- Gene Name
- GABBR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UBS5
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 108319.4 Da
References
- Kilb W, Fukuda A: Taurine as an Essential Neuromodulator during Perinatal Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct 24;11:328. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00328. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Glycine receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels (PubMed:23994010, PubMed:25730860). Channel opening is triggered by extracellular glycine (PubMed:14551753, PubMed:16144831, PubMed:2155780, PubMed:22715885, PubMed:22973015, PubMed:25973519, PubMed:7920629, PubMed:9009272). Channel opening is also triggered by taurine and beta-alanine (PubMed:16144831, PubMed:9009272). Channel characteristics depend on the subunit composition; heteropentameric channels are activated by lower glycine levels and display faster desensitization (PubMed:14551753). Plays an important role in the down-regulation of neuronal excitability (PubMed:8298642, PubMed:9009272). Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (PubMed:25445488). Channel activity is potentiated by ethanol (PubMed:25973519). Potentiation of channel activity by intoxicating levels of ethanol contribute to the sedative effects of ethanol (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activity
- Gene Name
- GLRA1
- Uniprot ID
- P23415
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 52623.35 Da
References
- Jensen AA, Kristiansen U: Functional characterisation of the human alpha1 glycine receptor in a fluorescence-based membrane potential assay. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 May 1;67(9):1789-99. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylation of taurine yielding sulfite and aminoacetaldehyde after decomposition of an unstable intermediate (PubMed:9287300). Is required for the utilization of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonate) as an alternative sulfur source for growth in the absence of sulfate (PubMed:8808933). To a lesser extent, pentanesulfonate, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate and 1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolineethanesulfonate are also desulfonated by this enzyme in vitro; however, desulfonation by TauD of organosulfonates other than taurine seem to be of little or no importance for sulfur metabolism in vivo (PubMed:9287300).
- Specific Function
- ferrous iron binding
- Gene Name
- tauD
- Uniprot ID
- P37610
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 32409.26 Da
References
- Eichhorn E, van der Ploeg JR, Kertesz MA, Leisinger T: Characterization of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1997 Sep 12;272(37):23031-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Clostridium perfringens (strain 13 / Type A)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Curator comments
- Though not fully elucidated, there appears to be some substrate specificity for the taurine moiety.
- General Function
- Possesses dual functions in bile acid metabolism (PubMed:38326608). Acts as a bile salt hydrolase that catalyzes the deconjugation of glycine- and taurine-linked bile salts, which occurs naturally in the intestines of humans, releasing amino acid residues and deconjugated bile salts (bile acids). Can hydrolyze the amide bond in major human conjugated bile salts, such as glycocholate (GCA), taurocholate (TCA) and taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) (PubMed:7618863, PubMed:15823032, PubMed:38326608). Shows a slight preference for taurine-conjugated bile acids as substrates (PubMed:7618863). Also acts as an amine N-acyltransferase that conjugates a wide variety of amino acids to conjugated and non-conjugated bile acids, thus producing bacterial bile acid amidates (BBAAs) - also named microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) - in the gastrointestinal tract (PubMed:38326608). These BBAAs may facilitate communication between the microbiota and host through the activation of human ligand-activated transcription factors (By similarity).
- Specific Function
- chenodeoxycholoyltaurine hydrolase activity
- Gene Name
- cbh
- Uniprot ID
- P54965
- Uniprot Name
- Choloylglycine hydrolase
- Molecular Weight
- 37185.0 Da
References
- Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB: Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res. 2006 Feb;47(2):241-59. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200. Epub 2005 Nov 18. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins
- Specific Function
- metal ion binding
- Gene Name
- TGM6
- Uniprot ID
- O95932
- Uniprot Name
- Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6
- Molecular Weight
- 79311.745 Da
References
- KEGG metabolism [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the amidation of bile acids (BAs) with the amino acids taurine and glycine (PubMed:12239217, PubMed:12810727, PubMed:2037576, PubMed:8034703). More than 95% of the BAs are N-acyl amidates with glycine and taurine (PubMed:8034703). Amidation of BAs in the liver with glycine or taurine prior to their excretion into bile is an important biochemical event in bile acid metabolism (PubMed:12810727). This conjugation (or amidation) plays several important biological roles in that it promotes the secretion of BAs and cholesterol into bile and increases the detergent properties of BAs in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and vitamin absorption (PubMed:12810727). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids (PubMed:12239217, PubMed:12810727, PubMed:8034703). In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs (PubMed:12810727)
- Specific Function
- acyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- BAAT
- Uniprot ID
- Q14032
- Uniprot Name
- Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 46298.865 Da
References
- KEGG metabolism [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electrogenic proton/amino acid symporter with selectivity for small apolar L-amino acids, their D-enantiomers and selected amino acid derivatives such as 4-aminobutanoate/GABA (PubMed:12527723, PubMed:12809675, PubMed:19549785). May be involved in the efflux from the lysosomal compartment of neutral amino acids resulting from proteolysis (By similarity). May play a role in specifying sites for exocytosis in neurons (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- alanine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC36A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q7Z2H8
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53075.045 Da
References
- Nielsen CU, Bjerg M, Ulaganathan N, Holm R: Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of taurine in sprague-dawley rats: the influence of dose and the possible involvement of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, in oral taurine absorption. Physiol Rep. 2017 Oct;5(19). pii: 5/19/e13467. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13467. Epub 2017 Oct 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of taurine (PubMed:31345061, PubMed:31903486, PubMed:8010975, PubMed:8382624, PubMed:8654117). Mediates transport of beta-alanine (PubMed:8010975). Can also mediate transport of hypotaurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- alanine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC6A6
- Uniprot ID
- P31641
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 69829.405 Da
References
- Nielsen CU, Bjerg M, Ulaganathan N, Holm R: Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of taurine in sprague-dawley rats: the influence of dose and the possible involvement of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, in oral taurine absorption. Physiol Rep. 2017 Oct;5(19). pii: 5/19/e13467. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13467. Epub 2017 Oct 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electrogenic proton-coupled amino-acid transporter that transports oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. Transports neutral and monovalently charged peptides with a proton to peptide stoichiometry of 1:1 or 2:1 (By similarity) (PubMed:15521010, PubMed:18367661, PubMed:19685173, PubMed:26320580, PubMed:7896779, PubMed:8914574, PubMed:9835627). Primarily responsible for the absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides from the small intestinal lumen (By similarity). Mediates transepithelial transport of muramyl and N-formylated bacterial dipeptides contributing to recognition of pathogenic bacteria by the mucosal immune system (PubMed:15521010, PubMed:9835627)
- Specific Function
- dipeptide transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC15A1
- Uniprot ID
- P46059
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 15 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 78805.265 Da
References
- FDA GRAS [Link]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:21