Cupric sulfate
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Identification
- Summary
Cupric sulfate is a compound used as an intravenous copper supplement for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).
- Brand Names
- Concept Ob, Multitrace-4, Multitrace-5, Multrys, Tandem Plus, Tralement
- Generic Name
- Cupric sulfate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06778
- Background
Cupric sulfate is a salt created by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid. This forms as large, bright blue crystals containing five molecules of water (CuSO4∙5H2O) and is also known as blue vitriol. The anhydrous salt is created by heating the hydrate to 150 °C (300 °F). Cupric sulfate is used primarily for agricultural purposes, as a pesticide, germicide, feed additive, and soil additive. Some of its secondary uses are as a raw material in the preparation of other copper compounds, as a reagent in analytic chemistry, as an electrolyte for batteries and electroplating baths, and in medical practice as a locally applied fungicide, bactericide, and astringent 9.
Copper is an essential trace element and an important catalyst for heme synthesis and iron absorption. After zinc and iron, copper is the third most abundant trace element found in the human body. Copper is a noble metal and its properties include high thermal and electrical conductivity, low corrosion, alloying ability, and malleability. Copper is a component of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) and the release of copper is necessary for their important contraceptive effects. The average daily intake of copper in the USA is approximately 1 mg Cu with the diet being a primary source 5.
Interestingly, the dysregulation of copper has been studied with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Data from clinical observations of the neurotoxic effects of copper may provide the basis for future treatments affecting copper and its homeostasis 15.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 159.609
Monoisotopic: 158.881330257 - Chemical Formula
- CuO4S
- Synonyms
- Copper monosulfate
- Copper monosulphate
- Copper sulfate
- Copper sulfate (1:1)
- Copper sulphate
- Copper(2+) sulfate
- Copper(II) sulphate
- Cupric sulfate anhydrous
- Cupric sulfate, anhydrous
- Cupric sulphate anhydrous
- Cupric sulphate, anhydrous
Pharmacology
- Indication
Elemental use in copper deficiency 11
Copper and copper containing compounds are broadly used in medical practice. Metallic copper is used already for many years in dental fillings and in copper intrauterine devices (IUD) for reversible contraception. Ointments containing copper, which release copper ions that are absorbed by the skin in the management of cramps, disturbances of renal function, peripheral, venous hypostatic circulatory disturbances, rheumatic disease and swelling associated with trauma. There are also cosmetic facial creams containing copper as their main active ingredient 13.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prophylaxis of Copper deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Treatment of Copper deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Copper is an essential mineral that plays a key role in many physiological processes, including angiogenesis, skin generation and expression and stabilization of skin proteins. Copper is found naturally in many food sources including meats, vegetables, and grains. Copper has potent biocidal properties and is used to eliminate bacteria, viruses and parasites 13, 17.
Copper is one of the nine essential minerals for humans, as it plays an imperative role in various physiological pathways in basically all human tissue, as well as in the health of the dermis and epidermis 13.
In addition to the above, copper is essential in wound healing, as it promotes angiogenesis and skin extracellular matrix formation and stabilization 13.
- Mechanism of action
This drug is an essential trace element for the functioning of many metalloenzymes including ceruloplasmin, ferroxidase II, lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase, Zn-copper superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and cytochrome-c-oxidase.
It is involved in erythropoiesis & leukopoiesis, bone mineralization, elastin and collagen cross-linking, oxidative phosphorylation, catecholamine metabolism, melanin formation & antioxidant protection of cells 13.
Cupric sulfate may also have a role in iron turnover, ascorbic acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, myelin formation, glucose homeostasis, and cellular immune defense 11.
After the metal passes through the basolateral membrane it is transported to the liver, attached to serum albumin. The liver is the critical organ for the homeostasis of copper. The copper is then prepared for excretion through the bile or incorporation into various proteins. The transport of copper to the peripheral tissues is accomplished through the plasma attached to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin or low-molecular-weight complexes 14.
In the dermis, copper promotes dermal fibroblasts proliferation, upregulates collagen (types I, II, and V) and elastin fiber components (elastin, fibrillins) production by fibroblasts, through the induction of TGF-β, promotes heat shock protein-47, important for collagen fibril formation, serves as a cofactor of LOX enzyme required for extracellular matrix protein cross-linking, stabilizes the skin ECM once formed, as increased crosslinking of collagen and elastin matrices occurs in a copper dose dependant manner, serves as a cofactor of superoxide dismutase, an antioxidant enzyme in the skin, essential for protection against free radicals, inhibits cellular oxidative effects such as membrane damage and lipid peroxidation, acts as a cofactor of tyrosinase, a melanin biosynthesis essential enzyme responsible for skin and hair pigmentation 13.
In reference to its role as a biocide, copper is an essential nutrient for many organisms. It acts as a cofactor in respiration, and therefore copper is required for aerobic metabolism. Accumulation of copper ions or intracellular release of free copper ions from proteins lead to cell damage. Copper catalyzes reactions that result in the production of hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions. The highly reactive oxygen intermediates lead to lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins. Free copper ions oxidize sulfhydryl groups, such as cysteine, in proteins or the cellular redox buffer glutathione. In particular, copper ions inactivate proteins by damaging Fe-S clusters in cytoplasmic hydratases 18.
- Absorption
Primarily absorbed in the small intestine 11.
Based on studies with radioactive isotopes of copper, most copper is absorbed from the stomach and duodenum of the gastrointestinal tract.
Maximum blood copper levels are observed within 1 to 3 hours following oral administration, and about 50 percent of ingested copper was absorbed. Copper absorption is proposed to occur by two mechanisms, one energy- dependent and the other enzymatic. Factors that can interfere with copper absorption include competition for binding sites with zinc, interactions with molybdenum and sulfates, chelation with phytates, and inhibition by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 16.
Copper absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is transported rapidly to blood serum and deposited in the liver bound to metallothionein 16.
From 20 to 60% of the dietary copper is absorbed 8.
- Volume of distribution
The body of a 70 kg healthy individual contains approximately 110 mg of copper, 50% of which is found in the bones and muscles, 15% in the skin, 15% in the bone marrow, 10% in the hepatic system, and 8% in the brain 13.
The distribution of copper is affected by sex, age, and the amount of copper in the diet. Brain and liver have the highest tissue levels (about one-third of the total body burden), with lesser concentrations found in the heart, spleen, kidneys, and blood. The iris and choroid of the eye have very high copper levels 16.
Erythrocyte copper levels are generally stable, however, plasma levels fluctuate widely in association with the synthesis and release of ceruloplasmin. Plasma copper levels during gestation may be 2-3 times levels measured before pregnancy, due to the increased synthesis of ceruloplasmin 16.
- Protein binding
About 80 percent of the absorbed copper is bound to liver metallothionein; the remainder is incorporated into cytochrome c oxidase or sequestered by lysosomes 16.
The bioavailability of copper from the diet is about 65-70% depending on a variety of factors including chemical form, interaction with other metals, and dietary components 5.
- Metabolism
Maximum blood copper levels were observed within 1 to 3 hours following oral administration, and about 50 percent of ingested copper was absorbed. Copper absorption is believed to occur by two mechanisms, one energy- dependent and the other enzymatic. Factors that can interfere with copper absorption include competition for binding sites with zinc, interactions with molybdenum and sulfates, chelation with phytates, and inhibition by ascorbic acid 16. Copper absorbed from the intestine is transported quickly into blood serum and deposited in the liver bound to metallothionein. It is released and incorporated into ceruloplasmin, a copper-specific transport protein. The remaining copper in the serum binds to albumin or amino acids or is contained in the erythrocytes. About 80 percent of the absorbed copper is bound to liver metallothionein; the remainder is included into cytochrome c oxidase or sequestered by lysosomes 16.
- Route of elimination
This drug is 80% eliminated via the liver in bile. Minimal excretion by the kidney 11. Metabolism studies show that persons with daily intakes of 2-5 mg of copper per day absorbed 0.6 to 1.6 mg (32%), excreted 0.5 to 1.3 mg in the bile, passed 0.1 to 0.3 mg directly into the bowel, and excreted 0.01 to 0.06 mg in the urine. As the data indicate, urinary excretion plays a negligible role in copper clearance, and the main route of excretion is in the bile. Other nonsignificant excretory routes include saliva, sweat, menstrual flow, and excretion into the intestine from the blood 16.
- Half-life
The biological half-life of copper from the diet is 13-33 days with biliary excretion being the primary route of elimination 5.
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 300 mg/kg in rats MSDS.
Copper sulfate ingestion (accidental or deliberate) is a rare form of poisoning usually limited to the Indian subcontinent. Though the rates are on the decline, it is essential that physicians are aware of its lethal complications and management strategies. The main complications of copper sulfate ingestion include intravascular hemolysis, methemoglobinaemia, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis 12.
Severe gastrointestinal effects may occur with acute overdosage. In extreme or long-term overdosage, symptoms may be similar to those of Wilson's disease, a disease in which the liver does not filter copper adequately and copper accumulates in the liver, brain, eyes, and other organs. Gradually, high copper levels may cause life-threatening organ damage 11.
Ingestion of more than 15 mg of copper has been reported to be toxic to humans. In a survey of human clinical case studies, 5.3 mg/day was the lowest oral dose at which local gastrointestinal irritation was seen. Ingestion of gram quantities of copper sulfate resulted in death by suicide, whereas less severe effects were reported from estimated copper doses of 40 to 50 mg from ingestion of carbonated beverages in contact with copper containers. Limited data are available on the chronic toxicity of copper. The hazard from dietary intakes of up to 5 mg/day appears to be low 16.
Treatment of cupric sulfate toxicity is symptomatic and may involve the use of a chelating agent (e.g. penicillamine, trientine and zinc) to remove any excessive metal that has been absorbed. In addition, dialysis may be useful 10,11.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Cupric sulfate pentahydrate LRX7AJ16DT 7758-99-8 JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L - Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Copper unknown 789U1901C5 7440-50-8 RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cupric cation ionic 8CBV67279L 15158-11-9 JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfate ion ionic 7IS9N8KPMG 14808-79-8 QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L - International/Other Brands
- Gynoseptyl / Gynostad / Hi Trace Copper / Intense Copper / M-Care / Zyload
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cupric Sulfate Injection, solution 1.57 mg/1mL Intravenous AMERICAN REGENT, INC. 1990-09-30 2017-02-28 US Micro Cu Solution 0.4 mg / mL Intravenous Sandoz S.P.A. 1993-12-31 Not applicable Canada - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Aquatec Alonglife Solution 0.02475 mg/1mL Topical GRUPO TMA TECNOLOGIAS PARA EL MEJORAMIENTO DEL AGUA S.A. DE C.V. 2020-08-26 Not applicable US Nano - Q1 Solution 0.02475 mg/1mL Topical GRUPO TMA TECNOLOGIAS PARA EL MEJORAMIENTO DEL AGUA S.A. DE C.V. 2021-01-07 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image DAILY-ONE 45 FILM TABLET Cupric sulfate (2 mg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Beta carotene (2000 IU) + Biotin (0.06 mg) + Calcium phosphate, tribasic (100 mg) + Calcium phosphate, tribasic (50 mg) + Choline bitartrate (3.9 mg) + Chromium nicotinate (0.13 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (0.015 mg) + Egg phospholipids (23 mg) + Ferrous fumarate (18 mg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Inositol (3.9 mg) + Magnesium oxide (40 mg) + Manganese sulfate (3.5 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Pantothenic acid (20 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Potassium citrate (18 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (12 mg) + Riboflavin (10.2 mg) + Sodium selenite (0.07 mg) + Sodium molybdate (0.05 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (9 mg) + Vitamin A acetate (8000 IU) + Vitamin D (400 IU) + Vitamin E (60 IU) + Zinc gluconate (15 mg) Tablet, film coated FERROSAN SAĞLIK ÜRÜN VE HİZMETLERİ A.Ş. 1996-06-17 Not applicable Turkey Dynamiclear Rapid Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (40 mg/1mL) + Calendula officinalis flower (0.5 mg/1mL) + St. John's Wort (0.5 mg/1mL) Liquid Topical RX PHARMA-PACK, INC. 2019-02-06 2022-12-31 US Dynamiclear Rapid Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (40 mg/1mL) + Calendula officinalis flower (0.5 mg/1mL) + St. John's Wort (0.5 mg/1mL) Liquid Topical RX PHARMA-PACK, INC. 2019-02-06 2022-12-31 US Earthpals Children's Chewables Multi-vitamin & Mineral Tablets Cupric sulfate (1 mg / tab) + Ascorbic acid (30 mg / tab) + Beta carotene (1500 unit / tab) + Biotin (10 mcg / tab) + Calcium carbonate (125 mg / tab) + Cyanocobalamin (5 mcg / tab) + Folic acid (0.2 mg / tab) + Magnesium oxide (50 mg / tab) + Nicotinamide (10 mg / tab) + Calcium pantothenate (5 mg / tab) + Potassium Iodide (0.075 mg / tab) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (1 mg / tab) + Riboflavin (0.85 mg / tab) + Thiamine hydrochloride (0.75 mg / tab) + Vitamin A acetate (1000 unit / tab) + Vitamin D (200 unit / tab) + Vitamin E (12.5 unit / tab) Tablet Oral Heritage Not applicable Not applicable Canada Eau Resolutive Soker Cupric sulfate (28.925 mg / 30 g) + Camphor (.715 mg / 30 g) + Methylene blue (.1365 mg / 30 g) + Resorcinol (58.565 mg / 30 g) + Zinc sulfate (88.4 mg / 30 g) Liquid Topical Produits Francais Labs Inc. 1930-12-31 1997-05-30 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Active OB Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (320 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (30 mg/1) Capsule, liquid filled Oral GM Pharmaceuticals, INC 2013-10-28 2017-03-31 US C-Nate DHA Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (1 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (15 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (30 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (200 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Centurion Labs 2013-01-01 Not applicable US Cavan Heme OB Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (0.8 mg/1) + Biotin (30 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (28 mg/1) + Niacin (17 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (175 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.6 mg/1) + Sodium selenate (65 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol succinate (10 [iU]/1) Tablet Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-08-03 2012-06-10 US Centratex Cupric sulfate (0.8 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (15 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (106 mg/1) + Magnesium sulfate (6.9 mg/1) + Manganese sulfate (1.3 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (30 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (6 mg/1) + Sodium ascorbate (200 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (10 mg/1) + Zinc sulfate, unspecified form (18.2 mg/1) Capsule Oral Centurion Labs 2009-06-14 Not applicable US Concept DHA Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (25 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12.5 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (17.5 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (17.5 mg/1) + Magnesium sulfate (5 mg/1) + Niacin (1.8 mg/1) + Omega-3-acid ethyl esters (200 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc sulfate, unspecified form (10 mg/1) Capsule, liquid filled Oral U.S. Pharmaceuticals 2009-06-24 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- V03AB20 — Copper sulfate
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal sulfates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is sulfate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is a transition metal.
- Kingdom
- Inorganic compounds
- Super Class
- Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
- Class
- Transition metal oxoanionic compounds
- Sub Class
- Transition metal sulfates
- Direct Parent
- Transition metal sulfates
- Alternative Parents
- Inorganic oxides / Inorganic copper salts
- Substituents
- Inorganic copper salt / Inorganic oxide / Inorganic salt / Transition metal sulfate
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- metal sulfate (CHEBI:23414) / Copper fungicides (C18713)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- KUW2Q3U1VV
- CAS number
- 7758-98-7
- InChI Key
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
- IUPAC Name
- copper(2+) sulfate
- SMILES
- [Cu++].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O
References
- General References
- Faure A, Mathon L, Poupelin JC, Allaouchiche B, Chassard D: [Acute cupric sulfate intoxication: pathophysiology and therapy about a case report]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2003 Jun;22(6):557-9. [Article]
- Armstrong TA, Cook DR, Ward MM, Williams CM, Spears JW: Effect of dietary copper source (cupric citrate and cupric sulfate) and concentration on growth performance and fecal copper excretion in weanling pigs. J Anim Sci. 2004 Apr;82(4):1234-40. doi: 10.2527/2004.8241234x. [Article]
- Hebert CD, Elwell MR, Travlos GS, Fitz CJ, Bucher JR: Subchronic toxicity of cupric sulfate administered in drinking water and feed to rats and mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1993 Nov;21(4):461-75. [Article]
- Lim J, Lawless HT: Oral sensations from iron and copper sulfate. Physiol Behav. 2005 Jun 30;85(3):308-13. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.04.018. [Article]
- Barceloux DG: Copper. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(2):217-30. [Article]
- Cupric Sulfate [Link]
- Copper Sulfate [Link]
- Cupric Sulfate ToxNet [Link]
- Cupric Sulfate, Britannica Online [Link]
- Cupric Sulfate [Link]
- Wilson Disease [Link]
- Complications and management of acute copper sulphate poisoning; a case discussion [Link]
- Using Copper to Improve the Well-Being of the Skin [Link]
- Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principals [Link]
- Abnormal Copper Homeostasis: Mechanisms and Roles in Neurodegeneration [Link]
- Copper [Link]
- Metallic Copper as an Antimicrobial Surface [Link]
- Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces [Link]
- External Links
- MSDS
- Download (51 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
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Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data4 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Manganese Safety in Adults 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Manganese Safety in Pediatric Patients 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 1 Completed Other Anemia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule, liquid filled Oral Powder Cutaneous Solution Topical 0.02475 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 1.57 mg/1mL Tablet, film coated Capsule Cutaneous; Oral Liquid Topical Tablet, effervescent Oral Solution Intravenous 0.4 mg / mL Liquid Intravenous Solution Intravenous Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection, solution Intravenous Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, coated Oral Liquid Oral Tablet Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Capsule Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, coated Oral Kit Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Tablet, sugar coated Oral Capsule - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US11786548 No 2021-07-01 2041-07-01 US US11975022 No 2021-07-01 2041-07-01 US US11998565 No 2021-07-01 2041-07-01 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 590 MSDS boiling point (°C) 650 MSDS water solubility Very soluble in hot water, soluble cold water MSDS - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 45.7 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.12 ALOGPS logP -0.84 Chemaxon logS -0.67 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) -3 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 80.26 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 11.53 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 5.81 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Responsible for the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin (PubMed:26838787). Regulator of Ras expression. May play a role in tumor suppression. Plays a role in the aortic wall architecture (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- collagen binding
- Gene Name
- LOX
- Uniprot ID
- P28300
- Uniprot Name
- Protein-lysine 6-oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 46943.67 Da
References
- Copper [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix
- Specific Function
- cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Gene Name
- MT-CO1
- Uniprot ID
- P00395
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 57040.91 Da
References
- Copper [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Copper [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Multifunctional blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane (PubMed:16150804). Copper ions provide a large number of enzymatic activites. Oxidizes highly toxic ferrous ions to the ferric state for further incorporation onto apo-transferrins, catalyzes Cu(+) oxidation and promotes the oxidation of biogenic amines such as norepinephrin and serotonin (PubMed:14623105, PubMed:4643313, PubMed:5912351). Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1 (By similarity). Has glutathione peroxidase-like activity, can remove both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in the presence of thiols (PubMed:10481051). Also shows NO-oxidase and NO2 synthase activities that determine endocrine NO homeostasis (PubMed:16906150)
- Specific Function
- copper ion binding
- Gene Name
- CP
- Uniprot ID
- P00450
- Uniprot Name
- Ceruloplasmin
- Molecular Weight
- 122218.48 Da
References
- Copper [Link]
Drug created at September 14, 2010 16:21 / Updated at October 29, 2024 14:47