Quinine
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Identification
- Summary
Quinine is an alkaloid used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
- Brand Names
- Qualaquin
- Generic Name
- Quinine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00468
- Background
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.
Quinine (GLS-1200) was also investigated in clinical trials for its efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (NCT04408183, terminated) and is planned to be evaluated for preventing sinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery (NCT04060316).
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 324.4168
Monoisotopic: 324.183778022 - Chemical Formula
- C20H24N2O2
- Synonyms
- (-)-Quinine
- (−)-quinine
- (8S,9R)-quinine
- (R)-(−)-quinine
- (R)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol
- 6'-Methoxycinchonidine
- Chinin
- Chinine
- Chininum
- Quinina
- Quinine
- External IDs
- GLS1200
- NSC-757298
- WR297608
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of malaria and leg cramps
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Uncomplicated malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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- Pharmacodynamics
Quinine is used parenterally to treat life-threatening infections caused by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Quinine acts as a blood schizonticide although it also has gametocytocidal activity against P. vivax and P. malariae. Because it is a weak base, it is concentrated in the food vacuoles of P. falciparum. It is thought to act by inhibiting heme polymerase, thereby allowing accumulation of its cytotoxic substrate, heme. As a schizonticidal drug, it is less effective and more toxic than chloroquine. However, it has a special place in the management of severe falciparum malaria in areas with known resistance to chloroquine.
- Mechanism of action
The theorized mechanism of action for quinine and related anti-malarial drugs is that these drugs are toxic to the malaria parasite. Specifically, the drugs interfere with the parasite's ability to break down and digest hemoglobin. Consequently, the parasite starves and/or builds up toxic levels of partially degraded hemoglobin in itself.
Target Actions Organism AFe(II)-protoporphyrin IX antagonistPlasmodium falciparum UPlatelet glycoprotein IX otherHumans UIntermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
76 - 88%
- Volume of distribution
- 1.43 ± 0.18 L/kg [Healthy Pediatric Controls]
- 0.87 ± 0.12 L/kg [P. falciparum Malaria Pediatric Patients]
- 2.5 to 7.1 L/kg [healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose]
- Protein binding
Approximately 70%
- Metabolism
Hepatic, over 80% metabolized by the liver.
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- Route of elimination
Quinine is eliminated primarily via hepatic biotransformation. Approximately 20% of quinine is excreted unchanged in urine.
- Half-life
Approximately 18 hours
- Clearance
- 0.17 L/h/kg [healthy]
- 0.09 L/h/kg [patients with uncomplicated malaria]
- 18.4 L/h [healthy adult subjects with administration of multiple-dose activated charcoal]
- 11.8 L/h [healthy adult subjects without administration of multiple-dose activated charcoal]
- Oral cl=0.06 L/h/kg [elderly subjects]
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Quinine is a documented causative agent of drug induced thrombocytopenia (DIT). Thrombocytopenia is a low amount of platelets in the blood. Quinine induces production of antibodies against glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complex in the majority of cases of DIT, or more rarely, the platelet-glycoprotein complex GPIIb-IIIa. Increased antibodies against these complexes increases platelet clearance, leading to the observed thrombocytopenia.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Villeurbanne Not Available 1000_1002delACC ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Torun Not Available 1006A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sunderland Not Available 105_107delCAT ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Iwatsuki Not Available 1081G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Serres Not Available 1082C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tondela Not Available 1084_1101delCTGAACGAGCGCAAGGCC ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Loma Linda Not Available 1089C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Aachen Not Available 1089C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tenri Not Available 1096A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Montpellier Not Available 1132G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Calvo Mackenna Not Available 1138A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Riley Not Available 1139T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Olomouc Not Available 1141T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tomah Not Available 1153T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lynwood Not Available 1154G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Madrid Not Available 1155C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Iowa, Walter Reed, Springfield Not Available 1156A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Beverly Hills, Genova, Iwate, Niigata, Yamaguchi Not Available 1160G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hartford Not Available 1162A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Praha Not Available 1166A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Krakow Not Available 1175T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Wisconsin Not Available 1177C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nashville, Anaheim, Portici Not Available 1178G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Alhambra Not Available 1180G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bari Not Available 1187C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Puerto Limon Not Available 1192G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Covao do Lobo Not Available 1205C>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Clinic Not Available 1215G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Utrecht Not Available 1225C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Suwalki Not Available 1226C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Riverside Not Available 1228G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Japan, Shinagawa Not Available 1229G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kawasaki Not Available 1229G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Munich Not Available 1231A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Georgia Not Available 1284C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sumare Not Available 1292T->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Telti/Kobe Not Available 1318C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Santiago de Cuba, Morioka Not Available 1339G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Harima Not Available 1358T->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Figuera da Foz Not Available 1366G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Amiens Not Available 1367A>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bangkok Noi Not Available 1376G->T, 1502T->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Fukaya Not Available 1462G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Campinas Not Available 1463G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Buenos Aires Not Available 1465C>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Arakawa Not Available 1466C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Brighton Not Available 1488_1490delGAA ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kozukata Not Available 159G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Amsterdam Not Available 180_182delTCT ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase No name Not Available 202G->A, 376A->G, 1264C>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Swansea Not Available 224T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Urayasu Not Available 281_283delAGA ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Vancouver Not Available 317C->G544C->T592C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mt Sinai Not Available 376A->G, 1159C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Plymouth Not Available 488G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Volendam Not Available 514C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Shinshu Not Available 527A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chikugo Not Available 535A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tsukui Not Available 561_563delCTC ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Pedoplis-Ckaro Not Available 573C>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Santiago Not Available 593G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Minnesota, Marion, Gastonia, LeJeune Not Available 637G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cincinnati Not Available 637G->T, 1037A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Harilaou Not Available 648T->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase North Dallas Not Available 683_685delACA ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Asahikawa Not Available 695G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Durham Not Available 713A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Stonybrook Not Available 724_729delGGCACT ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Wayne Not Available 769C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Aveiro Not Available 806G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cleveland Corum Not Available 820G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lille Not Available 821A>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bangkok Not Available 825G>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sugao Not Available 826C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase La Jolla Not Available 832T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Wexham Not Available 833C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Piotrkow Not Available 851T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase West Virginia Not Available 910G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Omiya Not Available 921G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nara Not Available 953_976delCCACCAAAGGGTACCTGGAC GACC ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Manhattan Not Available 962G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Rehevot Not Available 964T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Honiara Not Available 99A->G / 1360C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tokyo, Fukushima Not Available 1246G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chatham Not Available 1003G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Fushan Not Available 1004C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Partenope Not Available 1052G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ierapetra Not Available 1057C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Anadia Not Available 1193A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Abeno Not Available 1220A->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Surabaya Not Available 1291G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Pawnee Not Available 1316G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase S. Antioco Not Available 1342A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cassano Not Available 1347G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hermoupolis Not Available 1347G->C / 1360C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Union,Maewo, Chinese-2, Kalo Not Available 1360C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Andalus Not Available 1361G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cosenza Not Available 1376G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Canton, Taiwan- Hakka, Gifu-like, Agrigento-like Not Available 1376G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Flores Not Available 1387C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kaiping, Anant, Dhon, Sapporo-like, Wosera Not Available 1388G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kamogawa Not Available 169C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Costanzo Not Available 179T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Amazonia Not Available 185C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Songklanagarind Not Available 196T->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hechi Not Available 202G->A / 871G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Namouru Not Available 208T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bao Loc Not Available 352T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Crispim Not Available 375G->T, 379G->T383T->C384C>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Acrokorinthos Not Available 376A->G / 463C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Santa Maria Not Available 376A->G / 542A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ananindeua Not Available 376A->G / 871G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Vanua Lava Not Available 383T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Valladolid Not Available 406C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Belem Not Available 409C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Liuzhou Not Available 442G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Shenzen Not Available 473G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Taipei ‚ÄúChinese- 3‚Äù Not Available 493A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Toledo Not Available 496C>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Naone Not Available 497G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nankang Not Available 517T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Miaoli Not Available 519C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mediterranean, Dallas, Panama‚ Sassari, Cagliari, Birmingham Not Available 563C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Coimbra Shunde Not Available 592C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nilgiri Not Available 593G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Radlowo Not Available 679C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Roubaix Not Available 811G>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Haikou Not Available 835A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chinese-1 Not Available 835A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mizushima Not Available 848A>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Osaka Not Available 853C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Viangchan, Jammu Not Available 871G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Seoul Not Available 916G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ludhiana Not Available 929G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Farroupilha Not Available 977C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chinese-5 Not Available 1024C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Rignano Not Available 130G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Orissa Not Available 131C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase G6PDNice Not Available 1380G>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kamiube, Keelung Not Available 1387C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Neapolis Not Available 1400C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Aures Not Available 143T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Split Not Available 1442C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kambos Not Available 148C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Palestrina Not Available 170G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Metaponto Not Available 172G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Musashino Not Available 185C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Asahi Not Available 202G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase A- (202), Ferrara I Not Available 202G->A / 376A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Murcia Oristano Not Available 209A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ube Konan Not Available 241C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lagosanto Not Available 242G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Guangzhou Not Available 274C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hammersmith Not Available 323T->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sinnai Not Available 34G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase A- (680) Not Available 376A->G / 680G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase A- (968), Betica,Selma, Guantanamo Not Available 376A->G / 968T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Salerno Pyrgos Not Available 383T>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Quing Yan Not Available 392G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lages Not Available 40G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ilesha Not Available 466G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mahidol Not Available 487G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Malaga Not Available 542A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sibari Not Available 634A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mexico City Not Available 680G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nanning Not Available 703C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Seattle, Lodi, Modena, Ferrara II, Athens-like Not Available 844G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bajo Maumere Not Available 844G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Montalbano Not Available 854G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kalyan-Kerala, Jamnaga, Rohini Not Available 949G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Gaohe Not Available 95A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of hemolysis. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Quinine is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abametapir The serum concentration of Quinine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Quinine can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The therapeutic efficacy of Abciximab can be increased when used in combination with Quinine. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Quinine. - Food Interactions
- Take with food. Food reduces irritation.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Quinine citrate L8D5LFU229 752-72-7 YSFIPRFOHJQXJF-VMJVVOMYSA-N Quinine hydrochloride 711S8Y0T33 6119-47-7 MPQKYZPYCSTMEI-FLZPLBAKSA-N Quinine phosphate 0E9UD56A3I 549-60-0 JGWCVXDJEMKYEA-INGJVHGESA-N Quinine sulfate M4XCR57IWG 804-63-7 RONWGALEIBILOG-VMJVVOMYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Cinkona (Ipca) / Jasoquin (Jayson) / QSM (Leben) / Quinlup (Lupin) / Qutil (Little Greave) / Sulquin (Saga)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-quinine Capsule 200 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2004-06-08 Not applicable Canada Apo-quinine Capsule 300 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2004-06-08 Not applicable Canada Jamp-quinine Capsule 200 mg Oral Jamp Pharma Corporation 2015-09-16 Not applicable Canada Jamp-quinine Capsule 300 mg Oral Jamp Pharma Corporation 2015-09-16 Not applicable Canada Pro-quinine - 200 Capsule 200 mg Oral Pro Doc Limitee 2008-07-03 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- M09AA72 — Quinine, combinations with psycholeptics
- M09AA — Quinine and derivatives
- M09A — OTHER DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- M09 — OTHER DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- M — MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Agents that produce neuromuscular block (indirect)
- Agents that reduce seizure threshold
- Alkaloids
- Analgesics
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antimalarial methanolquinolines
- Antimalarials
- Antiparasitic Agents
- Antiparasitic Products, Insecticides and Repellents
- Antiprotozoals
- Blood Glucose Lowering Agents
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Cinchona Alkaloids
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (moderate)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (moderate)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Herbs (Hypotensive Properties)
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Hypoglycemia-Associated Agents
- Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
- Muscle Relaxants
- Muscle Relaxants, Centrally Acting Agents
- Musculo-Skeletal System
- Neuromuscular Agents
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- OCT1 inhibitors
- OCT1 substrates
- OCT2 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Quinolines
- Quinuclidines
- Sensory System Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cinchona alkaloids. These are alkaloids structurally characterized by the presence of the cinchonan skeleton, which consists of a quinoline linked to an azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane moiety.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Alkaloids and derivatives
- Class
- Cinchona alkaloids
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Cinchona alkaloids
- Alternative Parents
- 4-quinolinemethanols / Quinuclidines / Anisoles / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Pyridines and derivatives / Piperidines / Heteroaromatic compounds / Trialkylamines / Secondary alcohols show 5 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / 4-quinolinemethanol / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Anisole / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle show 18 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- cinchona alkaloid (CHEBI:15854)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- A7V27PHC7A
- CAS number
- 130-95-0
- InChI Key
- LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C20H24N2O2/c1-3-13-12-22-9-7-14(13)10-19(22)20(23)16-6-8-21-18-5-4-15(24-2)11-17(16)18/h3-6,8,11,13-14,19-20,23H,1,7,9-10,12H2,2H3/t13-,14-,19-,20+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (R)-[(1S,2S,4S,5R)-5-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl](6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methanol
- SMILES
- [H][C@]1(C[C@@H]2CC[N@]1C[C@@H]2C=C)[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C12
References
- Synthesis Reference
Tong Sun, Shawn Watson, Wei Lai, Stephan D. Parent, "QUININE SULFATE/BISULFATE SOLID COMPLEX; METHODS OF MAKING; AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF." U.S. Patent US20090326005, issued December 31, 2009.
US20090326005- General References
- Paintaud G, Alvan G, Berninger E, Gustafsson LL, Idrizbegovic E, Karlsson KK, Wakelkamp M: The concentration-effect relationship of quinine-induced hearing impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 Mar;55(3):317-23. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014611
- KEGG Compound
- C06526
- PubChem Compound
- 3034034
- PubChem Substance
- 46507493
- ChemSpider
- 84989
- BindingDB
- 50367247
- 9071
- ChEBI
- 15854
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL170
- ZINC
- ZINC000003831404
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000491
- PharmGKB
- PA451213
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- QI9
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Quinine
- PDB Entries
- 4uil / 4uin / 4wnv / 5znc / 8r7q
- FDA label
- Download (718 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (72.1 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Malaria 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Recruiting Supportive Care Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Basic Science Healthy Volunteers (HV) / Obesity 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Not Available Malaria 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Ar holding co inc
- Packagers
- Allan Pharmaceutical LLC
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Cardinal Health
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Direct Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- J T Baker
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Qualitest
- United Research Laboratories Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 200 MG Solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous 208.75 MG/ML Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Tablet Oral Tablet, coated Oral Cream Topical Capsule Oral 324 mg/1 Capsule Oral 200 mg Injection Solution 300 mg/1ml Injection, solution 60 mg/1ml Tablet, film coated Oral 200 MG Capsule Oral 200 mg / cap Capsule Oral 300 mg / cap Tablet, sugar coated Oral 200 MG Tablet, sugar coated Oral 300 mg Capsule Oral 300 mg Tablet Oral 300 mg Solution 250 mg/1ml Tablet, coated Oral 300 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Quinine sulfate powd ultrex 25.86USD g Apo-Quinine 300 mg Capsule 0.39USD capsule Novo-Quinine 300 mg Capsule 0.39USD capsule Apo-Quinine 200 mg Capsule 0.25USD capsule Novo-Quinine 200 mg Capsule 0.25USD capsule DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 57 °C PhysProp water solubility 500 mg/L (at 15 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) logP 3.44 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) logS -2.76 ADME Research, USCD - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.334 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.82 ALOGPS logP 2.51 Chemaxon logS -3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.89 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.05 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 45.59 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 4 Chemaxon Refractivity 94.69 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 35.99 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9836 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9382 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8867 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7863 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8208 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.8387 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.762 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7898 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5754 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7225 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.972 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 3.0596 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.5884 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.538
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0a4r-1901000000-8176add5a84f7ae1eb69 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-0009000000-bc68328282c6154e03d3 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00dl-0169000000-482414433c1e7b0ca89d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-0009000000-4808a6e84b0cb2d4cbc6 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-05fr-0519000000-2b2e0c890198ec71ca0c Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00di-0920000000-01da964eb26702c0e20a Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0ab9-0910000000-a1ffa729b41cabf4fc88 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 190.5319787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 188.8849787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 192.1513787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 174.37386 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 191.1071787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 189.1589787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 192.2581787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 176.76942 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 190.5579787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 189.3449787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 191.9704787 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 182.70932 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
References
- Alumasa JN, Gorka AP, Casabianca LB, Comstock E, de Dios AC, Roepe PD: The hydroxyl functionality and a rigid proximal N are required for forming a novel non-covalent quinine-heme complex. J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Mar;105(3):467-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.08.011. Epub 2010 Sep 22. [Article]
- Fitch CD: Ferriprotoporphyrin IX, phospholipids, and the antimalarial actions of quinoline drugs. Life Sci. 2004 Mar 5;74(16):1957-72. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other
- General Function
- The GPIb-V-IX complex functions as the vWF receptor and mediates vWF-dependent platelet adhesion to blood vessels. The adhesion of platelets to injured vascular surfaces in the arterial circulation is a critical initiating event in hemostasis. GP-IX may provide for membrane insertion and orientation of GP-Ib
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- GP9
- Uniprot ID
- P14770
- Uniprot Name
- Platelet glycoprotein IX
- Molecular Weight
- 19045.87 Da
References
- Asvadi P, Ahmadi Z, Chong BH: Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: localization of the binding site of GPIX-specific quinine-dependent antibodies. Blood. 2003 Sep 1;102(5):1670-7. Epub 2003 May 8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel that mediates the voltage-independent transmembrane transfer of potassium across the cell membrane through a constitutive interaction with calmodulin which binds the intracellular calcium allowing its opening (PubMed:10026195, PubMed:10961988, PubMed:11425865, PubMed:15831468, PubMed:17157250, PubMed:18796614, PubMed:26148990, PubMed:9326665, PubMed:9380751, PubMed:9407042). The current is characterized by a voltage-independent activation, an intracellular calcium concentration increase-dependent activation and a single-channel conductance of about 25 picosiemens (PubMed:9326665, PubMed:9380751, PubMed:9407042). Also presents an inwardly rectifying current, thus reducing its already small outward conductance of potassium ions, which is particularly the case when the membrane potential displays positive values, above + 20 mV (PubMed:9326665, PubMed:9380751, PubMed:9407042). Controls calcium influx during vascular contractility by being responsible of membrane hyperpolarization induced by vasoactive factors in proliferative vascular smooth muscle cell types (By similarity). Following calcium influx, the consecutive activation of KCNN4 channel leads to a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane potential and hence an increase of the electrical driving force for further calcium influx promoting sustained calcium entry in response to stimulation with chemotactic peptides (PubMed:26418693). Required for maximal calcium influx and proliferation during the reactivation of naive T-cells (PubMed:17157250, PubMed:18796614). Plays a role in the late stages of EGF-induced macropinocytosis through activation by PI(3)P (PubMed:24591580)
- Specific Function
- calcium-activated potassium channel activity
- Gene Name
- KCNN4
- Uniprot ID
- O15554
- Uniprot Name
- Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4
- Molecular Weight
- 47695.12 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitorInducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Zhao XJ, Yokoyama H, Chiba K, Wanwimolruk S, Ishizaki T: Identification of human cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the 3-hydroxylation of quinine by human live microsomes and nine recombinant human cytochromes P450. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Dec;279(3):1327-34. [Article]
- Allqvist A, Miura J, Bertilsson L, Mirghani RA: Inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 catalyzed metabolism of alprazolam and quinine by ketoconazole as racemate and four different enantiomers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;63(2):173-9. doi: 10.1007/s00228-006-0230-z. Epub 2007 Jan 3. [Article]
- Mirghani RA, Hellgren U, Bertilsson L, Gustafsson LL, Ericsson O: Metabolism and elimination of quinine in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;59(5-6):423-7. doi: 10.1007/s00228-003-0637-8. Epub 2003 Aug 12. [Article]
- Just JM, Weckbecker K, Just KS: Quinine induced simvastatin toxicity through cytochrome inhibition - a case report. BMC Geriatr. 2016 Oct 1;16(1):168. doi: 10.1186/s12877-016-0337-8. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InhibitorInducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C15-alpha and C16-alpha positions (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15805301). Displays different regioselectivities for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hydroxylation (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Displays an absolute stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producing the 17(R),18(S) enantiomer (PubMed:15041462). May play an important role in all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P04798
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 58164.815 Da
References
- Bapiro TE, Andersson TB, Otter C, Hasler JA, Masimirembwa CM: Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42. Epub 2002 Oct 2. [Article]
- Ching MS, Blake CL, Malek NA, Angus PW, Ghabrial H: Differential inhibition of human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 by quinidine and quinine. Xenobiotica. 2001 Nov;31(11):757-67. doi: 10.1080/00498250110065603 . [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Kirkwood LC, Nation RL, Somogyi AA: Characterization of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Dec;44(6):549-55. [Article]
- Hutzler JM, Walker GS, Wienkers LC: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6: structure-activity studies using a series of quinidine and quinine analogues. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Apr;16(4):450-9. doi: 10.1021/tx025674x. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qualaquin ((quinine sulfate) Capsules [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- Evidence for this enzyme action is limited. The FDA label states a possibility of CYP1A2 as one possible enzyme responsible for the metabolism of this drug, and one paper suggests a weak inhibition of CYP1A2.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Ong CE, Coulter S, Birkett DJ, Bhasker CR, Miners JO: The xenobiotic inhibitor profile of cytochrome P4502C8. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;50(6):573-80. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00316.x. [Article]
- Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [Article]
- QUALAQUIN® quinine sulfate - FDA Label [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Zhao XJ, Yokoyama H, Chiba K, Wanwimolruk S, Ishizaki T: Identification of human cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the 3-hydroxylation of quinine by human live microsomes and nine recombinant human cytochromes P450. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Dec;279(3):1327-34. [Article]
- Quinine FDA label [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [Article]
- Zhao XJ, Yokoyama H, Chiba K, Wanwimolruk S, Ishizaki T: Identification of human cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the 3-hydroxylation of quinine by human live microsomes and nine recombinant human cytochromes P450. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Dec;279(3):1327-34. [Article]
- PDR INTERACTIONS QUININE [Link]
- QUALAQUIN® quinine sulfate - FDA Label [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable)
- Specific Function
- 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2E1
- Uniprot ID
- P05181
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2E1
- Molecular Weight
- 56848.42 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins during embryogenesis (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA), a precursor in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen steroid hormones (PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1), particularly D-ring hydroxylated estrone at the C16-alpha position (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Mainly hydroxylates all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in atRA clearance during fetal development (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics including anticonvulsants (PubMed:9555064)
- Specific Function
- all-trans retinoic acid 18-hydroxylase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A7
- Uniprot ID
- P24462
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A7
- Molecular Weight
- 57469.95 Da
References
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:21128598, PubMed:9687576). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:15212162, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:15783073). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters (PubMed:16581093, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:9687576). Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system (PubMed:17460754). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) (PubMed:12089365, PubMed:15212162, PubMed:17072098, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:9260930). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline (PubMed:9260930). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:12538837, PubMed:21128598). Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:12395288, PubMed:16394027). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A2
- Uniprot ID
- O15244
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62579.99 Da
References
- Sweet DH, Miller DS, Pritchard JB: Ventricular choline transport: a role for organic cation transporter 2 expressed in choroid plexus. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):41611-9. Epub 2001 Sep 11. [Article]
- Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H: Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. DNA Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;16(7):871-81. [Article]
- Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. [Article]
- Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. [Article]
- Goralski KB, Lou G, Prowse MT, Gorboulev V, Volk C, Koepsell H, Sitar DS: The cation transporters rOCT1 and rOCT2 interact with bicarbonate but play only a minor role for amantadine uptake into rat renal proximal tubules. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Dec;303(3):959-68. [Article]
- Sweet DH, Pritchard JB: rOCT2 is a basolateral potential-driven carrier, not an organic cation/proton exchanger. Am J Physiol. 1999 Dec;277(6 Pt 2):F890-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Martel F, Vetter T, Russ H, Grundemann D, Azevedo I, Koepsell H, Schomig E: Transport of small organic cations in the rat liver. The role of the organic cation transporter OCT1. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1996 Aug-Sep;354(3):320-6. [Article]
- Busch AE, Quester S, Ulzheimer JC, Gorboulev V, Akhoundova A, Waldegger S, Lang F, Koepsell H: Monoamine neurotransmitter transport mediated by the polyspecific cation transporter rOCT1. FEBS Lett. 1996 Oct 21;395(2-3):153-6. [Article]
- Busch AE, Quester S, Ulzheimer JC, Waldegger S, Gorboulev V, Arndt P, Lang F, Koepsell H: Electrogenic properties and substrate specificity of the polyspecific rat cation transporter rOCT1. J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 20;271(51):32599-604. [Article]
- Herraez E, Lozano E, Macias RI, Vaquero J, Bujanda L, Banales JM, Marin JJ, Briz O: Expression of SLC22A1 variants may affect the response of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma to sorafenib. Hepatology. 2013 Sep;58(3):1065-73. doi: 10.1002/hep.26425. Epub 2013 Jul 30. [Article]
- Hubeny A, Keiser M, Oswald S, Jedlitschky G, Kroemer HK, Siegmund W, Grube M: Expression of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1A2 in Red Blood Cells and Its Potential Impact on Antimalarial Therapy. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Oct;44(10):1562-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.116.069807. Epub 2016 Aug 8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938, PubMed:17509700, PubMed:20722056, PubMed:33124720). Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938). In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from Bacillus Subtilis wich induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis (PubMed:18005709). May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Nov 30;289(2):580-5. [Article]
- van der Sandt IC, Blom-Roosemalen MC, de Boer AG, Breimer DD: Specificity of doxorubicin versus rhodamine-123 in assessing P-glycoprotein functionality in the LLC-PK1, LLC-PK1:MDR1 and Caco-2 cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000 Sep;11(3):207-14. [Article]
- Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. [Article]
- Borgnia MJ, Eytan GD, Assaraf YG: Competition of hydrophobic peptides, cytotoxic drugs, and chemosensitizers on a common P-glycoprotein pharmacophore as revealed by its ATPase activity. J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 9;271(6):3163-71. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Na(+)-independent transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of a broad range of organic anions such as the endogenous bile salts cholate and deoxycholate, either in their unconjugated or conjugated forms (taurocholate and glycocholate), at the plasmam membrane (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:7557095). Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) (PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:23918469, PubMed:25560245, PubMed:9539145). Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision (PubMed:25560245). Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs (PubMed:17301733, PubMed:20686826, PubMed:27777271). Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20358049). Also transports prostaglandin E2 (PubMed:19129463). Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P46721
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 74144.105 Da
References
- Shitara Y, Sugiyama D, Kusuhara H, Kato Y, Abe T, Meier PJ, Itoh T, Sugiyama Y: Comparative inhibitory effects of different compounds on rat oatpl (slc21a1)- and Oatp2 (Slc21a5)-mediated transport. Pharm Res. 2002 Feb;19(2):147-53. [Article]
- Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter that mediates the transport of endogenous and microbial zwitterions and organic cations (PubMed:10215651, PubMed:15107849, PubMed:15795384, PubMed:16729965, PubMed:20601551, PubMed:22206629, PubMed:22569296, PubMed:29530864). Functions as a Na(+)-dependent and pH-dependent high affinity microbial symporter of potent food-derived antioxidant ergothioeine (PubMed:15795384, PubMed:29530864, PubMed:33124720). Transports one sodium ion with one ergothioeine molecule (By similarity). Involved in the absorption of ergothioneine from the luminal/apical side of the small intestine and renal tubular cells, and into non-parenchymal liver cells, thereby contributing to maintain steady-state ergothioneine level in the body (PubMed:20601551). Also mediates the bidirectional transport of acetycholine, although the exact transport mechanism has not been fully identified yet (PubMed:22206629). Most likely exports anti-inflammatory acetylcholine in non-neuronal tissues, thereby contributing to the non-neuronal cholinergic system (PubMed:22206629, PubMed:22569296). Displays a general physiological role linked to better survival by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be related to ergothioneine and acetycholine transports (PubMed:15795384, PubMed:22206629). May also function as a low-affinity Na(+)-dependent transporter of L-carnitine through the mitochondrial membrane, thereby maintaining intracellular carnitine homeostasis (PubMed:10215651, PubMed:15107849, PubMed:16729965). May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H015
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 62154.48 Da
References
- Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Karlgren M, Ahlin G, Bergstrom CA, Svensson R, Palm J, Artursson P: In vitro and in silico strategies to identify OATP1B1 inhibitors and predict clinical drug-drug interactions. Pharm Res. 2012 Feb;29(2):411-26. doi: 10.1007/s11095-011-0564-9. Epub 2011 Aug 23. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 29, 2024 18:21