Amitriptyline
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Identification
- Summary
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant indicated in the treatment of depressive illness, either endogenous or psychotic, and to relieve depression associated anxiety.
- Brand Names
- Elavil
- Generic Name
- Amitriptyline
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00321
- Background
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat depression for decades. ELAVIL, a previously approved branded product of amitriptyline, was first approved by the FDA in 1961.11 Amitriptyline has been investigated in the treatment of pain-related conditions, attributed to its analgesic properties.6
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 277.4033
Monoisotopic: 277.183049741 - Chemical Formula
- C20H23N
- Synonyms
- 10,11-dihydro-5-(γ-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene
- 10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-5H-dibenzo(a,d)heptalene-Δ5,γ-propylamine
- 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine
- 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine
- 5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptatriene
- 5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene
- 5-(γ-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo[a,d][1,4]cycloheptadiene
- Amitriptilina
- Amitriptylin
- Amitriptyline
- Amitriptylinum
- External IDs
- MK 230
- N 750
- Ro 4-1575
Pharmacology
- Indication
This drug in indicated for the following conditions Label:
Major depressive disorder in adults 12
Management of neuropathic pain in adults
Prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) in adults
Prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults
Treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above when organic pathology, including spina bifida and related disorders, have been excluded and no response has been achieved to all other non-drug and drug treatments, including antispasmodics and vasopressin-related products. This product should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional with expertise in the management of persistent enuresis Label
Off-label uses: irritable bowel syndrome, sleep disorders, diabetic neuropathy, agitation, fibromyalgia, and insomnia
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Adhd ••• ••••• Treatment of Acute depression •••••••••••• Management of Anorexia nervosa ••• ••••• Management of Bulimia ••• ••••• Treatment of Depression •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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- Pharmacodynamics
Effects in pain and depression
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant and an analgesic. It has anticholinergic and sedative properties Label. Clinical studies have shown that oral amitriptyline achieves, at a minimum, good to moderate response in up to 2/3 of patients diagnosed with post-herpetic neuralgia and 3/4 of patients diagnosed with diabetic neuropathic pain, and neurogenic pain syndromes that are frequently unresponsive to narcotic analgesics. Amitriptyline has also shown efficacy in diverse groups of patients with chronic non-malignant pain. There have also been some studies showing efficacy in managing fibromyalgia (an off-label use of this drug) 5, 8.
Cardiovascular and Anticholinergic Effects
Amitriptyline has strong anticholinergic properties and may cause ECG changes and quinidine-like effects on the heart 13. Amitriptyline may inhibit ion channels, which are necessary for cardiac repolarization (hERG channels), in the upper micromolar range of therapeutic plasma concentrations. Therefore, amitriptyline may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmia Label. Orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia can be a problem in elderly patients receiving this drug at normal doses for depression. There is evidence in the literature that these effects may occur, rarely, at the lower dosages utilized in the treatment of pain. As with any other tricyclic antidepressant agent, increased glucose levels can occur with amitriptyline 6.
Effects on seizure threshold
This drug also decreases the convulsive threshold and causes alterations in EEG and sleep patterns 13.
- Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of this drug is not fully elucidated. It is suggested that amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for the re-uptake of transmitter amines, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby increasing their concentration at the synaptic clefts of the brain Label, 10. These amines are important in regulating mood. The monoamine hypothesis in depression, one of the oldest hypotheses, postulates that deficiencies of serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission in the brain lead to depressive effects 9. This drug counteracts these mechanisms, and this may be the mechanism of amitriptyline in improving depressive symptoms.
Whether its analgesic effects are related to its mood-altering activities or attributable to a different, less obvious pharmacological action (or a combination of both) is unknown 6.
- Absorption
Rapidly absorbed following oral administration (bioavailability is 30-60% due to first pass metabolism). Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2-12 hours after oral or intramuscular administration Label. Steady-state plasma concentrations vary greatly and this variation may be due to genetic differences 13.
- Volume of distribution
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd)β estimated after intravenous administration is 1221 L±280 L; range 769-1702 L (16±3 L/kg) Label. It is found widely distributed throughout the body 6. Amitriptyline and the main metabolite nortriptyline pass across the placental barrier and small amounts are present in breast milk Label.
- Protein binding
Very highly protein bound (95%) in plasma and tissues Label.
- Metabolism
In vitro, the metabolism of amitriptyline occurs mainly by demethylation (CYP2C19, CYP3A4) as well as hydroxylation (CYP2D6) followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Other isozymes involved in amitriptyline metabolism are CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The metabolism of this drug is subject to genetic polymorphisms. The main active metabolite is the secondary amine, nortriptyline Label.
Nortriptyline is a stronger inhibitor of noradrenaline than of serotonin uptake, while amitriptyline inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin with equal efficacy. Other metabolites such as cis- and trans-10-hydroxyamitriptyline and cis- and trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline have the same pharmacologic profile as nortriptyline but are significantly weaker. Demethylnortriptyline and amitriptyline N oxide are only present in plasma in negligible amounts; the latter is mostly inactive Label.
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- Route of elimination
Amitriptyline and its metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine. Virtually the entire dose is excreted as glucuronide or sulfate conjugate of metabolites, with approximately 2% of unchanged drug appearing in the urine Label. 25-50% of a single orally administered dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolites within 24 hours Label. Small amounts are excreted in feces via biliary elimination 13.
- Half-life
The elimination half-life (t1⁄2 β) amitriptyline after peroral administration is about 25 hours (24.65 ± 6.31 hours; range 16.49-40.36 hours) Label.
- Clearance
The mean systemic clearance (Cls) is 39.24 ± 10.18 L/h (range: 24.53-53.73 L/h) Label. No clear effect of older age on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline has been determined, although it is possible that clearance may be decreased 6.
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Toxicity Data: Oral TDLO (child): 4167 μg/kg; Oral TDLO (man): 714 μg/kg/1D (intermittent); Oral TDLO (woman): 10 mg/kg 13.
Ingestion of 750 mg or more by an adult may result in severe toxicity. The effects in overdose are further increased by simultaneous ingestion of alcohol and another psychotropic agent Label. Symptoms of overdose include abnormally low blood pressure, confusion, convulsions, dilated pupils and other eye problems, disturbed concentration, drowsiness, hallucinations, impaired heart function, rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced body temperature, stupor, and unresponsiveness or coma, among others Label, 13.
Use in pregnancy
For amitriptyline, only limited clinical data are available regarding its use in pregnancy. Amitriptyline is not recommended during pregnancy unless clearly required and only after careful consideration of both risks and benefits Label.
Use in breastfeeding
Amitriptyline and its metabolites are excreted into breast milk (corresponding to 0.6 % - 1 % of the maternal dose). A risk to the suckling child must be considered. A decision should be made as to whether it is appropriate to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue/abstain from the therapy of this medicinal product, considering the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Effects on fertility
Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity. No data on the effects of amitriptyline on human fertility are available Label.
Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis
The genotoxic potential of amitriptyline has been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Although these investigations showed some contradictory results, a potential of amitriptyline to lead to chromosome abnormalities cannot be excluded. Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been performed to this date Label.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*4 (A;A) A Allele Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Multidrug resistance protein 1 --- (C;C) / (C;T) C Allele Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype have an increased likelihood of remission when using amitriptyline to treat major depressive disorder Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*2 (A;A) / (A;G) G > A Directly Studied Effect Patients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Multidrug resistance protein 1 --- (C;C) / (C;T) T > C Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype have increased risk of adverse events with amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*3 Not Available 2549delA Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*4 Not Available A allele Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*5 Not Available Whole-gene deletion Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*6 Not Available 1707delT Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*2 Not Available 681G>A Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*3 Not Available 636G>A Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*7 Not Available 2935A>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*8 Not Available 1758G>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*11 Not Available 883G>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*12 Not Available 124G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*13 Not Available CYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structure Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*14A Not Available 1758G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*15 Not Available 137insT, 137_138insT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*19 Not Available 2539_2542delAACT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*20 Not Available 1973_1974insG Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*21 Not Available 2573insC Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*31 Not Available -1770G>A / -1584C>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*36 Not Available 100C>T / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*38 Not Available 2587_2590delGACT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*40 Not Available 1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2 Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*42 Not Available 3259_3260insGT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*44 Not Available 2950G>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*47 Not Available 100C>T / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*51 Not Available -1584C>G / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*56 Not Available 3201C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*57 Not Available 100C>T / 310G>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*62 Not Available 4044C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*68A Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*68B Not Available Similar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4. Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*69 Not Available 2988G>A / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*92 Not Available 1995delC Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*100 Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*101 Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, alternative drug or dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*2A Not Available 681G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*2B Not Available 681G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*4 Not Available 1A>G Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*5 Not Available 1297C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*6 Not Available 395G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*7 Not Available 19294T>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*22 Not Available 557G>C / 991A>G Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*24 Not Available 99C>T / 991A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*35 Not Available 12662A>G Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer. For individual with two non-functional alleles, dose reduction recommended. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*3 Not Available C allele Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*5 Not Available Whole-gene deletion Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*6 Not Available 1707delT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*7 Not Available 2935A>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*8 Not Available 1758G>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*11 Not Available 883G>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*12 Not Available 124G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*13 Not Available CYP2D7/2D6 hybrid gene structure Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*14A Not Available 1758G>A Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*15 Not Available 137insT, 137_138insT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*19 Not Available 2539_2542delAACT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*20 Not Available 1973_1974insG Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*21 Not Available 2573insC Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*31 Not Available -1770G>A / -1584C>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*36 Not Available 100C>T / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*38 Not Available 2587_2590delGACT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*40 Not Available 1863_1864ins(TTT CGC CCC)2 Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*42 Not Available 3259_3260insGT Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*44 Not Available 2950G>C Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*47 Not Available 100C>T / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*51 Not Available -1584C>G / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*56 Not Available 3201C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*57 Not Available 100C>T / 310G>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*62 Not Available 4044C>T Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*68A Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*68B Not Available Similar but not identical switch region compared to CYP2D6*68A. Found in tandem arrangement with CYP2D6*4. Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*69 Not Available 2988G>A / -1426C>T … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*92 Not Available 1995delC Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*100 Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*101 Not Available -1426C>T / -1235A>G … show all Effect Inferred Poor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirements, higher risk for adverse side effects Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*2A Not Available 681G>A ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*2B Not Available 681G>A ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*3 Not Available 636G>A ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*4 Not Available 1A>G ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*5 Not Available 1297C>T ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*6 Not Available 395G>A ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*7 Not Available 19294T>A ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*22 Not Available 557G>C / 991A>G ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*24 Not Available 99C>T / 991A>G … show all ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19*35 Not Available 12662A>G ADR Inferred Those with the AA or AG genotype are poor metabolizers of amitriptyline Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*3 Not Available G allele Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6*4 Not Available 3877G>A Effect Directly Studied The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abacavir The metabolism of Abacavir can be decreased when combined with Amitriptyline. Abametapir The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Amitriptyline can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Amitriptyline can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol.
- Avoid St. John's Wort.
- Limit caffeine intake.
- Take with food. Food reduces irritation.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Amitriptyline hydrochloride 26LUD4JO9K 549-18-8 KFYRPLNVJVHZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Amitriptyline pamoate YX6VNM127F 17086-03-2 HBFZQWHVSYYTGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Adepril (Teofarma) / Amitryp (Raza) / Conmitrip (Condrugs) / Endep (Alphapharm) / Fiorda (Driburg) / Kamitrin (Saga) / Laroxyl (Deva) / Latilin (La Pharmaceuticals) / Maxitrip (Invision) / Redomex (Lundbeck) / Saroten (Lundbeck) / Sarotex (Lundbeck) / Sarotex Retard (Lundbeck) / Syneudon (Krewel Meuselbach) / Tryptanol (Merck Sharp & Dohme) / Tryptizol (Algorithm) / Uxen Retard (Sanofi-Aventis)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Amitriptyline Tablet 25 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Amitriptyline Tablet 25 mg Oral Sivem Pharmaceuticals Ulc 2016-02-11 2018-11-28 Canada Amitriptyline Tablet 10 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Amitriptyline Tablet 10 mg Oral Sivem Pharmaceuticals Ulc 2016-02-11 2018-12-05 Canada Amitriptyline Tablet 50 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ag-amitriptyline Tablet 50 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. 2018-12-24 Not applicable Canada Ag-amitriptyline Tablet 75 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Ag-amitriptyline Tablet 25 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. 2018-12-24 Not applicable Canada Ag-amitriptyline Tablet 10 mg Oral Angita Pharma Inc. 2018-12-24 Not applicable Canada Amitriptyline hcl Tablet, film coated 100 mg/1 Oral Direct Rx 2022-01-28 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo Peram Tab 2-25 Amitriptyline hydrochloride (25 mg) + Perphenazine (2 mg) Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1977-12-31 2011-08-05 Canada Apo Peram Tab 3-15 Amitriptyline hydrochloride (15 mg) + Perphenazine (3 mg) Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1977-12-31 2011-08-05 Canada Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline HCl Amitriptyline hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/1) Tablet Oral Par Pharmaceutical 1988-05-09 1999-07-16 US Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline HCl Amitriptyline hydrochloride (12.5 mg/1) + Chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/1) Tablet Oral Par Pharmaceutical 1988-05-09 1999-07-16 US Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Amitriptyline hydrochloride (27.98 mg/1) + Chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. 1986-12-10 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Equipto - Amitriptyline External Cream Compounding Kit Amitriptyline hydrochloride (1 g/2.4g) Kit Topical Alvix Laboratories 2015-01-20 2018-03-08 US Sentravil PM-25 Amitriptyline hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Choline (250 mg/1) Kit Oral Physician Therapeutics Llc 2011-07-07 Not applicable US Zyvodol Amitriptyline hydrochloride (4 g/4g) + Diclofenac sodium (3 g/3g) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (2.5 g/2.5g) + Prilocaine hydrochloride (2.5 g/2.5g) Kit Topical Accumix Pharmaceuticals 2014-12-15 2015-07-17 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N06AA09 — Amitriptyline
- N06AA — Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors
- N06A — ANTIDEPRESSANTS
- N06 — PSYCHOANALEPTICS
- N — NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists
- Adrenergic Antagonists
- Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Agents that reduce seizure threshold
- Analgesics
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
- Anticholinergic Agents
- Antidepressive Agents
- Antidepressive Agents Indicated for Depression
- Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Combined Inhibitors of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (moderate)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Histamine Antagonists
- Histamine H1 Antagonists
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Muscarinic Antagonists
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Neurotoxic agents
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
- Non-Selective Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Psychotropic Drugs
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Sensory System Agents
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Modulators
- Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
- Tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressants
- Tricyclics and Other Norepinephrine-reuptake Inhibitors
- UGT1A1 Inhibitors
- UGT1A4 substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzocycloheptenes. These are compounds containing a dibenzocycloheptene moiety, which consists of two benzene rings connected by a cycloheptene ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Dibenzocycloheptenes
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Dibenzocycloheptenes
- Alternative Parents
- Trialkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Amine / Aromatic homopolycyclic compound / Dibenzocycloheptene / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organopnictogen compound / Tertiary aliphatic amine / Tertiary amine
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homopolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- tertiary amine, organic tricyclic compound (CHEBI:2666)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 1806D8D52K
- CAS number
- 50-48-6
- InChI Key
- KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21(2)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-15H2,1-2H3
- IUPAC Name
- dimethyl(3-{tricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-2-ylidene}propyl)amine
- SMILES
- CN(C)CCC=C1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC=CC=C12
References
- Synthesis Reference
Manfred Durr, Benedikt Gajdos, Klaus-Dieter Gneuss, Ekkehard Harhausen, Jurgen Seidel, "Pharmaceutical amitriptylin oxide preparation and process for its manufacture." U.S. Patent US4567202, issued January 28, 1986.
US4567202- General References
- Otaka M, Jin M, Odashima M, Matsuhashi T, Wada I, Horikawa Y, Komatsu K, Ohba R, Oyake J, Hatakeyama N, Watanabe S: New strategy of therapy for functional dyspepsia using famotidine, mosapride and amitriptyline. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jun;21 Suppl 2:42-6. [Article]
- Hisaoka K, Tsuchioka M, Yano R, Maeda N, Kajitani N, Morioka N, Nakata Y, Takebayashi M: Tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline activates fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in glial cells: involvement in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor production. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 17;286(24):21118-28. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.224683. Epub 2011 Apr 22. [Article]
- Yan L, Wang Q, Fu Q, Ye Q, Xiao H, Wan Q: Amitriptyline inhibits currents and decreases the mRNA expression of voltage-gated sodium channels in cultured rat cortical neurons. Brain Res. 2010 Jun 8;1336:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.016. Epub 2010 Apr 14. [Article]
- Olesen OV, Linnet K: Metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pharmacology. 1997 Nov;55(5):235-43. doi: 10.1159/000139533. [Article]
- Lawson K: A Brief Review of the Pharmacology of Amitriptyline and Clinical Outcomes in Treating Fibromyalgia. Biomedicines. 2017 May 17;5(2). pii: biomedicines5020024. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines5020024. [Article]
- Bryson HM, Wilde MI: Amitriptyline. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in chronic pain states. Drugs Aging. 1996 Jun;8(6):459-76. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199608060-00008. [Article]
- Guaiana G, Barbui C, Hotopf M: Amitriptyline versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD004186. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004186 . [Article]
- Nishishinya B, Urrutia G, Walitt B, Rodriguez A, Bonfill X, Alegre C, Darko G: Amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review of its efficacy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Dec;47(12):1741-6. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken317. Epub 2008 Aug 12. [Article]
- Moret C, Briley M: The importance of norepinephrine in depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):9-13. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S19619. Epub 2011 May 31. [Article]
- Gupta SK, Shah JC, Hwang SS: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;48(1):71-8. [Article]
- Fangmann P, Assion HJ, Juckel G, Gonzalez CA, Lopez-Munoz F: Half a century of antidepressant drugs: on the clinical introduction of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, and tetracyclics. Part II: tricyclics and tetracyclics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Feb;28(1):1-4. doi: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181627b60. [Article]
- DailyMed Label: ELAVIL (amitriptyline) Oral Tablets [Link]
- Elavil Monograph [File]
- Safety data sheet, amitriptyline [File]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014466
- KEGG Drug
- D07448
- KEGG Compound
- C06824
- PubChem Compound
- 2160
- PubChem Substance
- 46508798
- ChemSpider
- 2075
- BindingDB
- 50020712
- 704
- ChEBI
- 2666
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL629
- ZINC
- ZINC000000968257
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DNC001466
- PharmGKB
- PA448385
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- TP0
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Amitriptyline
- PDB Entries
- 3apv / 5ha9 / 8y93
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers (HV) 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Basic Science Tension Headache 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Other Migraine / Preventive Treatment 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Prevention Headache / Migraine 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Hoffmann la roche inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Astrazeneca pharmaceuticals lp
- Bristol myers squibb co
- Warner chilcott div warner lambert co
- American therapeutics inc
- Caraco pharmaceutical laboratories ltd
- Copley pharmaceutical inc
- Halsey drug co inc
- Lederle laboratories div american cyanamid co
- Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Par pharmaceutical inc
- Pliva inc
- Purepac pharmaceutical co
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Sandoz inc
- Superpharm corp
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Ucb inc
- Usl pharma inc
- Vangard laboratories inc div midway medical co
- Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
- West ward pharmaceutical corp
- Packagers
- 4uOrtho LLC
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Apotheca Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Blenheim Pharmacal
- Bryant Ranch Prepack
- Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs
- Cardinal Health
- Caremark LLC
- Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
- Corepharma LLC
- Coupler Enterprises Inc.
- DHHS Program Support Center Supply Service Center
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Group Health Cooperative
- H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Legacy Pharmaceuticals Packaging LLC
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medisca Inc.
- Medvantx Inc.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
- Mylan
- Nanjing Famu Chemicals Co. Ltd.
- Neuman Distributors Inc.
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- PCA LLC
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmedix
- Pharmpak Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Pliva Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Prescript Pharmaceuticals
- Prescription Dispensing Service Inc.
- Qualitest
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Redpharm Drug
- Remedy Repack
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- Sandoz
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- St Mary's Medical Park Pharmacy
- Stat Rx Usa
- UDL Laboratories
- United Research Laboratories Inc.
- Va Cmop Dallas
- Valeant Ltd.
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Oral 10 mg Injection, solution Intramuscular 30 mg/3mL Pill Oral 10 MG Pill Oral 25 MG Tablet Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral 25 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 2500000 mg Tablet, coated Oral Capsule, extended release Oral 25 MG Capsule, extended release Oral 75 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 8.8 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 44.2 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 22.1 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 44.19 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 66.29 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 8.84 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 88.38 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 50 MG Tablet, extended release Oral 100 MG Solution Oral 40 mg/mL Tablet, film coated Oral 100 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 75 MG Tablet Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet Oral 150 mg/1 Tablet Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet Oral 75 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 150 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 75 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 150 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 75 mg/1 Tablet Oral 25 mg / tab Tablet Oral 25.000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 10 mg Tablet Oral 50 mg Tablet Oral 75 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg/1 Syrup Oral 2 mg / mL Kit Topical 1 g/2.4g Injection Intramuscular 20 mg/2ml Injection Intramuscular 50 mg/2ml Solution / drops Oral 40 MG/ML Capsule Oral Tablet Oral 10 mg / tab Tablet Oral 50 mg / tab Tablet Oral 75 mg / tab Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral 100 mg Tablet, extended release Oral 75 MG Kit Oral Syrup Oral 200 mg Tablet Oral 28.300 mg Tablet, sugar coated Oral 10 mg Injection Intramuscular 10 mg/ml Kit Topical Tablet, sugar coated Oral 25 mg Tablet, sugar coated Oral 50 mg Tablet, coated Oral 10 mg Tablet, coated Oral 50 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet, coated Oral 25 mg Tablet, coated Oral - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Amitriptyline hcl powder 7.34USD g Amitriptyline hcl 150 mg tablet 1.18USD tablet Amitriptyline hcl 100 mg tablet 0.66USD tablet Amitriptyline hcl 75 mg tablet 0.54USD tablet Apo-Amitriptyline 75 mg Tablet 0.38USD tablet Amitriptyline hcl 50 mg tablet 0.37USD tablet Amitriptyline hcl 10 mg tablet 0.3USD tablet Apo-Amitriptyline 50 mg Tablet 0.25USD tablet Amitriptyline hcl 25 mg tablet 0.21USD tablet Apo-Amitriptyline 25 mg Tablet 0.13USD tablet Apo-Amitriptyline 10 mg Tablet 0.07USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 196-197 https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_US_CB1159271.aspx boiling point (°C) 410.26°C (rough estimate) https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_US_CB1159271.aspx water solubility freely soluble in water https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00043995.PDF logP 4.92 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6fc5/ceca026da3b93fb450ece63df320b5597ca2.pdf logS -4.39 https://www.acdlabs.com/download/publ/2007/low_quality_predictions.pdf pKa 9.4 https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_US_CB1159271.aspx - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0045 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 5.1 ALOGPS logP 4.81 Chemaxon logS -4.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.76 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 3.24 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 101.51 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 33.74 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9941 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9512 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8867 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7567 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8563 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.6447 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.7955 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7826 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8918 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.7501 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.7324 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8933 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9158 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.6955 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9132 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8127 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.8727 Rat acute toxicity 2.9697 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.7531 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.6767
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.48 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 180.648202 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 180.922002 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 162.05559 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 183.092402 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 182.984902 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 164.41359 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 180.877802 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 170.50673 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) (PubMed:2008212, PubMed:8125921). Can also mediate sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:11093780, PubMed:8125921)
- Specific Function
- actin binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A2
- Uniprot ID
- P23975
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 69331.42 Da
References
- Vaishnavi SN, Nemeroff CB, Plott SJ, Rao SG, Kranzler J, Owens MJ: Milnacipran: a comparative analysis of human monoamine uptake and transporter binding affinity. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Feb 1;55(3):320-2. [Article]
- Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [Article]
- Bryson HM, Wilde MI: Amitriptyline. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in chronic pain states. Drugs Aging. 1996 Jun;8(6):459-76. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199608060-00008. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Elavil Monograph [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serotonin transporter that cotransports serotonin with one Na(+) ion in exchange for one K(+) ion and possibly one proton in an overall electroneutral transport cycle. Transports serotonin across the plasma membrane from the extracellular compartment to the cytosol thus limiting serotonin intercellular signaling (PubMed:10407194, PubMed:12869649, PubMed:21730057, PubMed:27049939, PubMed:27756841, PubMed:34851672). Essential for serotonin homeostasis in the central nervous system. In the developing somatosensory cortex, acts in glutamatergic neurons to control serotonin uptake and its trophic functions accounting for proper spatial organization of cortical neurons and elaboration of sensory circuits. In the mature cortex, acts primarily in brainstem raphe neurons to mediate serotonin uptake from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal thus terminating serotonin signaling at the synapse (By similarity). Modulates mucosal serotonin levels in the gastrointestinal tract through uptake and clearance of serotonin in enterocytes. Required for enteric neurogenesis and gastrointestinal reflexes (By similarity). Regulates blood serotonin levels by ensuring rapid high affinity uptake of serotonin from plasma to platelets, where it is further stored in dense granules via vesicular monoamine transporters and then released upon stimulation (PubMed:17506858, PubMed:18317590). Mechanistically, the transport cycle starts with an outward-open conformation having Na1(+) and Cl(-) sites occupied. The binding of a second extracellular Na2(+) ion and serotonin substrate leads to structural changes to outward-occluded to inward-occluded to inward-open, where the Na2(+) ion and serotonin are released into the cytosol. Binding of intracellular K(+) ion induces conformational transitions to inward-occluded to outward-open and completes the cycle by releasing K(+) possibly together with a proton bound to Asp-98 into the extracellular compartment. Na1(+) and Cl(-) ions remain bound throughout the transport cycle (PubMed:10407194, PubMed:12869649, PubMed:21730057, PubMed:27049939, PubMed:27756841, PubMed:34851672). Additionally, displays serotonin-induced channel-like conductance for monovalent cations, mainly Na(+) ions. The channel activity is uncoupled from the transport cycle and may contribute to the membrane resting potential or excitability (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- SLC6A4
- Uniprot ID
- P31645
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 70324.165 Da
References
- Gould GG, Altamirano AV, Javors MA, Frazer A: A comparison of the chronic treatment effects of venlafaxine and other antidepressants on serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 1;59(5):408-14. Epub 2005 Sep 2. [Article]
- Troelsen KB, Nielsen EO, Mirza NR: Chronic treatment with duloxetine is necessary for an anxiolytic-like response in the mouse zero maze: the role of the serotonin transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Oct;181(4):741-50. Epub 2005 Sep 29. [Article]
- Vaishnavi SN, Nemeroff CB, Plott SJ, Rao SG, Kranzler J, Owens MJ: Milnacipran: a comparative analysis of human monoamine uptake and transporter binding affinity. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Feb 1;55(3):320-2. [Article]
- Ushijima K, Sakaguchi H, Sato Y, To H, Koyanagi S, Higuchi S, Ohdo S: Chronopharmacological study of antidepressants in forced swimming test of mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Nov;315(2):764-70. Epub 2005 Aug 3. [Article]
- Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [Article]
- Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ: A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder. Exp Neurol. 2007 Oct;207(2):248-57. Epub 2007 Jun 30. [Article]
- Bryson HM, Wilde MI: Amitriptyline. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in chronic pain states. Drugs Aging. 1996 Jun;8(6):459-76. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199608060-00008. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Elavil Monograph [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:1330647, PubMed:18703043, PubMed:19057895, PubMed:21645528, PubMed:22300836, PubMed:35084960, PubMed:38552625). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). HTR2A is coupled to G(q)/G(11) G alpha proteins and activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers that modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promote the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores, respectively (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Affects neural activity, perception, cognition and mood (PubMed:18297054). Plays a role in the regulation of behavior, including responses to anxiogenic situations and psychoactive substances. Plays a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, and may play a role in arterial vasoconstriction (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding
- Gene Name
- HTR2A
- Uniprot ID
- P28223
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
- Molecular Weight
- 52602.58 Da
References
- Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
- Pandey DK, Mahesh R, Kumar AA, Rao VS, Arjun M, Rajkumar R: A novel 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist exhibits antidepressant-like effects in a battery of rodent behavioural assays: approaching early-onset antidepressants. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010 Jan;94(3):363-73. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.018. Epub 2009 Oct 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InhibitorInducer
- Curator comments
- Some studies suggest this receptor is upregulated by amitriptyline and some suggest it is down regulated by amitriptyline.
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:37935376, PubMed:37935377, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:38552625, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). HTR1A is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission: signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores (PubMed:33762731, PubMed:35610220). Beta-arrestin family members regulate signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P08908
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 46106.335 Da
References
- Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
- Rossi DV, Valdez M, Gould GG, Hensler JG: Chronic administration of venlafaxine fails to attenuate 5-HT1A receptor function at the level of receptor-G protein interaction. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Aug;9(4):393-406. doi: 10.1017/S1461145705005754. Epub 2005 Jul 22. [Article]
- Lesch KP, Disselkamp-Tietze J, Schmidtke A: 5-HT1A receptor function in depression: effect of chronic amitriptyline treatment. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1990;80(2):157-61. [Article]
- Jenck F, Moreau JL, Mutel V, Martin JR, Haefely WE: Evidence for a role of 5-HT1C receptors in the antiserotonergic properties of some antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Feb 9;231(2):223-9. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90453-o. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor that functions as a receptor for endogenous enkephalins and for a subset of other opioids. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain and in opiate-mediated analgesia. Plays a role in developing analgesic tolerance to morphine
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P41143
- Uniprot Name
- Delta-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 40368.235 Da
References
- Onali P, Dedoni S, Olianas MC: Direct agonist activity of tricyclic antidepressants at distinct opioid receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jan;332(1):255-65. doi: 10.1124/jpet.109.159939. Epub 2009 Oct 14. [Article]
- Benbouzid M, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Yalcin I, Waltisperger E, Tessier LH, Muller A, Kieffer BL, Freund-Mercier MJ, Barrot M: Delta-opioid receptors are critical for tricyclic antidepressant treatment of neuropathic allodynia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Mar 15;63(6):633-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.016. Epub 2007 Aug 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as a receptor for endogenous alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins, but has low affinity for beta-endorphins. Also functions as a receptor for various synthetic opioids and for the psychoactive diterpene salvinorin A. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain. Plays a role in mediating reduced physical activity upon treatment with synthetic opioids. Plays a role in the regulation of salivation in response to synthetic opioids. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions
- Specific Function
- dynorphin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRK1
- Uniprot ID
- P41145
- Uniprot Name
- Kappa-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 42644.665 Da
References
- Onali P, Dedoni S, Olianas MC: Direct agonist activity of tricyclic antidepressants at distinct opioid receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jan;332(1):255-65. doi: 10.1124/jpet.109.159939. Epub 2009 Oct 14. [Article]
- Carydakis C, Bourhim N, Giraud P, Cantau P, Oliver C, Castanas E: [Direct interaction of tricyclic antidepressants with opiate binding sites in the bovine adrenal medulla]. C R Acad Sci III. 1986;302(11):419-22. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- AgonistActivator
- General Function
- Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and the maturation of the central and peripheral nervous systems through regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival of sympathetic and nervous neurons. High affinity receptor for NGF which is its primary ligand (PubMed:1281417, PubMed:15488758, PubMed:17196528, PubMed:1849459, PubMed:1850821, PubMed:22649032, PubMed:27445338, PubMed:8325889). Can also bind and be activated by NTF3/neurotrophin-3. However, NTF3 only supports axonal extension through NTRK1 but has no effect on neuron survival (By similarity). Upon dimeric NGF ligand-binding, undergoes homodimerization, autophosphorylation and activation (PubMed:1281417). Recruits, phosphorylates and/or activates several downstream effectors including SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2 and PLCG1 that regulate distinct overlapping signaling cascades driving cell survival and differentiation. Through SHC1 and FRS2 activates a GRB2-Ras-MAPK cascade that regulates cell differentiation and survival. Through PLCG1 controls NF-Kappa-B activation and the transcription of genes involved in cell survival. Through SHC1 and SH2B1 controls a Ras-PI3 kinase-AKT1 signaling cascade that is also regulating survival. In absence of ligand and activation, may promote cell death, making the survival of neurons dependent on trophic factors
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- NTRK1
- Uniprot ID
- P04629
- Uniprot Name
- High affinity nerve growth factor receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 87496.465 Da
References
- Jang SW, Liu X, Chan CB, Weinshenker D, Hall RA, Xiao G, Ye K: Amitriptyline is a TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist that promotes TrkA/TrkB heterodimerization and has potent neurotrophic activity. Chem Biol. 2009 Jun 26;16(6):644-56. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.010. [Article]
- Zheng X, Chen F, Zheng T, Huang F, Chen J, Tu W: Amitriptyline Activates TrkA to Aid Neuronal Growth and Attenuate Anesthesia-Induced Neurodegeneration in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 May;95(18):e3559. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003559. [Article]
- Rantamaki T, Vesa L, Antila H, Di Lieto A, Tammela P, Schmitt A, Lesch KP, Rios M, Castren E: Antidepressant drugs transactivate TrkB neurotrophin receptors in the adult rodent brain independently of BDNF and monoamine transporter blockade. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20567. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020567. Epub 2011 Jun 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and the maturation of the central and the peripheral nervous systems through regulation of neuron survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and synapse formation and plasticity (By similarity). Receptor for BDNF/brain-derived neurotrophic factor and NTF4/neurotrophin-4. Alternatively can also bind NTF3/neurotrophin-3 which is less efficient in activating the receptor but regulates neuron survival through NTRK2 (PubMed:15494731, PubMed:7574684). Upon ligand-binding, undergoes homodimerization, autophosphorylation and activation (PubMed:15494731). Recruits, phosphorylates and/or activates several downstream effectors including SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2 and PLCG1 that regulate distinct overlapping signaling cascades. Through SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2 activates the GRB2-Ras-MAPK cascade that regulates for instance neuronal differentiation including neurite outgrowth. Through the same effectors controls the Ras-PI3 kinase-AKT1 signaling cascade that mainly regulates growth and survival. Through PLCG1 and the downstream protein kinase C-regulated pathways controls synaptic plasticity. Thereby, plays a role in learning and memory by regulating both short term synaptic function and long-term potentiation. PLCG1 also leads to NF-Kappa-B activation and the transcription of genes involved in cell survival. Hence, it is able to suppress anoikis, the apoptosis resulting from loss of cell-matrix interactions. May also play a role in neutrophin-dependent calcium signaling in glial cells and mediate communication between neurons and glia
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- NTRK2
- Uniprot ID
- Q16620
- Uniprot Name
- BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 91998.175 Da
References
- Jang SW, Liu X, Chan CB, Weinshenker D, Hall RA, Xiao G, Ye K: Amitriptyline is a TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist that promotes TrkA/TrkB heterodimerization and has potent neurotrophic activity. Chem Biol. 2009 Jun 26;16(6):644-56. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.010. [Article]
- Cai J, Hua F, Yuan L, Tang W, Lu J, Yu S, Wang X, Hu Y: Potential therapeutic effects of neurotrophins for acute and chronic neurological diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:601084. doi: 10.1155/2014/601084. Epub 2014 Apr 9. [Article]
- O'Neill E, Kwok B, Day JS, Connor TJ, Harkin A: Amitriptyline protects against TNF-alpha-induced atrophy and reduction in synaptic markers via a Trk-dependent mechanism. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2016 Mar 8;4(2):e00195. doi: 10.1002/prp2.195. eCollection 2016 Apr. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- AntagonistInhibitor
- General Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine(PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes
- Specific Function
- alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Gene Name
- ADRA1A
- Uniprot ID
- P35348
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51486.005 Da
References
- Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
- Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LR, Pupo AS: The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jul-Aug;59(1-2):49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.015. Epub 2010 Apr 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Antagonist
- Curator comments
- This information is based on the results of in vitro studies. Data in the literature regarding this target are limited.
- General Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium
- Specific Function
- alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Gene Name
- ADRA1D
- Uniprot ID
- P25100
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 60462.205 Da
References
- Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LR, Pupo AS: The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jul-Aug;59(1-2):49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.015. Epub 2010 Apr 2. [Article]
- RBCB PDB resource [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- AntagonistAgonist
- General Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol
- Specific Function
- alpha-1B adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- ADRA2A
- Uniprot ID
- P08913
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50646.17 Da
References
- Ozdogan UK, Lahdesmaki J, Mansikka H, Scheinin M: Loss of amitriptyline analgesia in alpha 2A-adrenoceptor deficient mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 6;485(1-3):193-6. [Article]
- Charney DS, Heninger GR, Sternberg DE: Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapy. The effect of long-term amitriptyline treatment. Br J Psychiatry. 1983 Mar;142:265-75. [Article]
- Gray AM, Pache DM, Sewell RD: Do alpha2-adrenoceptors play an integral role in the antinociceptive mechanism of action of antidepressant compounds? Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Aug 6;378(2):161-8. [Article]
- Cottingham C, Percival S, Birky T, Wang Q: Tricyclic antidepressants exhibit variable pharmacological profiles at the alpha(2A) adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Aug 29;451(3):461-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.024. Epub 2014 Aug 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein-coupled receptor for histamine, a biogenic amine that functions as an immune modulator and a neurotransmitter (PubMed:33828102, PubMed:8280179). Through the H1 receptor, histamine mediates the contraction of smooth muscles and increases capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules. Also mediates neurotransmission in the central nervous system and thereby regulates circadian rhythms, emotional and locomotor activities as well as cognitive functions (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HRH1
- Uniprot ID
- P35367
- Uniprot Name
- Histamine H1 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 55783.61 Da
References
- Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
- Richelson E: Tricyclic antidepressants and histamine H1 receptors. Mayo Clin Proc. 1979 Oct;54(10):669-74. [Article]
- Kachur JF, Allbee WE, Gaginella TS: Antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects of amitriptyline on guinea pig ileal electrolyte transport and muscle contractility in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 May;245(2):455-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Data limited to in vitro study results.
- General Function
- Pore-forming subunit of the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) M-channel which is responsible for the M-current, a key controller of neuronal excitability (PubMed:24277843, PubMed:28793216, PubMed:9836639). M-channel is composed of pore-forming subunits KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 assembled as heterotetramers (PubMed:10781098, PubMed:14534157, PubMed:32884139, PubMed:37857637, PubMed:9836639). The native M-current has a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons as well as the responsiveness to synaptic inputs (PubMed:14534157, PubMed:28793216, PubMed:9836639). KCNQ2-KCNQ3 M-channel is selectively permeable in vitro to other cations besides potassium, in decreasing order of affinity K(+) > Rb(+) > Cs(+) > Na(+) (PubMed:28793216). M-channel association with SLC5A3/SMIT1 alters channel ion selectivity, increasing Na(+) and Cs(+) permeation relative to K(+) (PubMed:28793216). Suppressed by activation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor CHRM1 (PubMed:10684873, PubMed:10713961)
- Specific Function
- ankyrin binding
- Gene Name
- KCNQ2
- Uniprot ID
- O43526
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 95846.575 Da
References
- Punke MA, Friederich P: Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth Analg. 2007 May;104(5):1256-64, tables of contents. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain and the central nervous system, but also in the kidney (PubMed:19903818, PubMed:8845167). Contributes to the regulation of the membrane potential and nerve signaling, and prevents neuronal hyperexcitability (PubMed:17156368). Forms tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane (PubMed:19912772). Can form functional homotetrameric channels and heterotetrameric channels that contain variable proportions of KCNA1, KCNA2, KCNA4, KCNA5, KCNA6, KCNA7, and possibly other family members as well; channel properties depend on the type of alpha subunits that are part of the channel (PubMed:12077175, PubMed:17156368). Channel properties are modulated by cytoplasmic beta subunits that regulate the subcellular location of the alpha subunits and promote rapid inactivation of delayed rectifier potassium channels (PubMed:12077175, PubMed:17156368). In vivo, membranes probably contain a mixture of heteromeric potassium channel complexes, making it difficult to assign currents observed in intact tissues to any particular potassium channel family member. Homotetrameric KCNA1 forms a delayed-rectifier potassium channel that opens in response to membrane depolarization, followed by slow spontaneous channel closure (PubMed:19307729, PubMed:19903818, PubMed:19912772, PubMed:19968958). In contrast, a heterotetrameric channel formed by KCNA1 and KCNA4 shows rapid inactivation (PubMed:17156368). Regulates neuronal excitability in hippocampus, especially in mossy fibers and medial perforant path axons, preventing neuronal hyperexcitability. Response to toxins that are selective for KCNA1, respectively for KCNA2, suggests that heteromeric potassium channels composed of both KCNA1 and KCNA2 play a role in pacemaking and regulate the output of deep cerebellar nuclear neurons (By similarity). May function as down-stream effector for G protein-coupled receptors and inhibit GABAergic inputs to basolateral amygdala neurons (By similarity). May contribute to the regulation of neurotransmitter release, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating the generation of action potentials and preventing hyperexcitability in myelinated axons of the vagus nerve, and thereby contributes to the regulation of heart contraction (By similarity). Required for normal neuromuscular responses (PubMed:11026449, PubMed:17136396). Regulates the frequency of neuronal action potential firing in response to mechanical stimuli, and plays a role in the perception of pain caused by mechanical stimuli, but does not play a role in the perception of pain due to heat stimuli (By similarity). Required for normal responses to auditory stimuli and precise location of sound sources, but not for sound perception (By similarity). The use of toxins that block specific channels suggest that it contributes to the regulation of the axonal release of the neurotransmitter dopamine (By similarity). Required for normal postnatal brain development and normal proliferation of neuronal precursor cells in the brain (By similarity). Plays a role in the reabsorption of Mg(2+) in the distal convoluted tubules in the kidney and in magnesium ion homeostasis, probably via its effect on the membrane potential (PubMed:19307729, PubMed:23903368)
- Specific Function
- delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
- Gene Name
- KCNA1
- Uniprot ID
- Q09470
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 56465.01 Da
References
- Punke MA, Friederich P: Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth Analg. 2007 May;104(5):1256-64, tables of contents. [Article]
- Freysoldt A, Fleckenstein J, Lang PM, Irnich D, Grafe P, Carr RW: Low concentrations of amitriptyline inhibit nicotinic receptors in unmyelinated axons of human peripheral nerve. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(3):797-805. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00347.x. Epub 2009 Aug 19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Blocker
- General Function
- The H2 subclass of histamine receptors mediates gastric acid secretion. Also appears to regulate gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. Possible role in regulating cell growth and differentiation. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and, through a separate G protein-dependent mechanism, the phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC) signaling pathway (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HRH2
- Uniprot ID
- P25021
- Uniprot Name
- Histamine H2 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 40097.65 Da
References
- Angus JA, Black JW: Pharmacological assay of cardiac H2-receptor blockade by amitriptyline and lysergic acid diethylamide. Circ Res. 1980 Jun;46(6 Pt 2):I64-9. [Article]
- Traiffort E, Pollard H, Moreau J, Ruat M, Schwartz JC, Martinez-Mir MI, Palacios JM: Pharmacological characterization and autoradiographic localization of histamine H2 receptors in human brain identified with [125I]iodoaminopotentidine. J Neurochem. 1992 Jul;59(1):290-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- The H4 subclass of histamine receptors could mediate the histamine signals in peripheral tissues. Displays a significant level of constitutive activity (spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HRH4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H3N8
- Uniprot Name
- Histamine H4 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44495.375 Da
References
- Nguyen T, Shapiro DA, George SR, Setola V, Lee DK, Cheng R, Rauser L, Lee SP, Lynch KR, Roth BL, O'Dowd BF: Discovery of a novel member of the histamine receptor family. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;59(3):427-33. [Article]
- Connelly WM, Shenton FC, Lethbridge N, Leurs R, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Lees G, Chazot PL: The histamine H4 receptor is functionally expressed on neurons in the mammalian CNS. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 May;157(1):55-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00227.x. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Functions in lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in a wide array of cellular functions probably through regulation of the biogenesis of lipid microdomains at the plasma membrane. Involved in the regulation of different receptors it plays a role in BDNF signaling and EGF signaling. Also regulates ion channels like the potassium channel and could modulate neurotransmitter release. Plays a role in calcium signaling through modulation together with ANK2 of the ITP3R-dependent calcium efflux at the endoplasmic reticulum. Plays a role in several other cell functions including proliferation, survival and death. Originally identified for its ability to bind various psychoactive drugs it is involved in learning processes, memory and mood alteration (PubMed:16472803, PubMed:9341151). Necessary for proper mitochondrial axonal transport in motor neurons, in particular the retrograde movement of mitochondria. Plays a role in protecting cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death via its interaction with RNF112 (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity
- Gene Name
- SIGMAR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q99720
- Uniprot Name
- Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1
- Molecular Weight
- 25127.52 Da
References
- Villard V, Meunier J, Chevallier N, Maurice T: Pharmacological interaction with the sigma1 (sigma1)-receptor in the acute behavioral effects of antidepressants. J Pharmacol Sci. 2011;115(3):279-92. [Article]
- Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ: A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder. Exp Neurol. 2007 Oct;207(2):248-57. Epub 2007 Jun 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:12970106, PubMed:18703043, PubMed:19057895, PubMed:29398112, PubMed:7895773). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:19057895, PubMed:29398112). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:29398112). HTR2C is coupled to G(q)/G(11) G alpha proteins and activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers that modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promote the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores, respectively (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:29398112). Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:29398112). Regulates neuronal activity via the activation of short transient receptor potential calcium channels in the brain, and thereby modulates the activation of pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and the release of CRH that then regulates the release of corticosterone (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of appetite and eating behavior, responses to anxiogenic stimuli and stress (By similarity). Plays a role in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding
- Gene Name
- HTR2C
- Uniprot ID
- P28335
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
- Molecular Weight
- 51804.645 Da
References
- Di Matteo V, De Blasi A, Di Giulio C, Esposito E: Role of 5-HT(2C) receptors in the control of central dopamine function. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2001 May;22(5):229-32. [Article]
- Palvimaki EP, Roth BL, Majasuo H, Laakso A, Kuoppamaki M, Syvalahti E, Hietala J: Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the serotonin 5-HT2c receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 Aug;126(3):234-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- Curator comments
- This action is based on data from in vitro studies. Data in the literature are limited regarding this target action.
- General Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes
- Specific Function
- alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Gene Name
- ADRA1B
- Uniprot ID
- P35368
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 56835.375 Da
References
- Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LR, Pupo AS: The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jul-Aug;59(1-2):49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.015. Epub 2010 Apr 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a mitogen (PubMed:35714614, PubMed:8226867). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:35714614, PubMed:8226867). HTR7 is coupled to G(s) G alpha proteins and mediates activation of adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:35714614)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR7
- Uniprot ID
- P34969
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7
- Molecular Weight
- 53554.43 Da
References
- Lucchelli A, Santagostino-Barbone MG, D'Agostino G, Masoero E, Tonini M: The interaction of antidepressant drugs with enteric 5-HT7 receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;362(3):284-9. [Article]
- Liu J, Reid AR, Sawynok J: Spinal serotonin 5-HT7 and adenosine A1 receptors, as well as peripheral adenosine A1 receptors, are involved in antinociception by systemically administered amitriptyline. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan 5;698(1-3):213-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.042. Epub 2012 Nov 6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- Curator comments
- Data in the literature regarding this target are limited. These data are based on the results of in vitro studies.
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1652050, PubMed:33762731). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive substances (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1652050, PubMed:33762731). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1652050, PubMed:33762731). HTR1D is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:33762731). Regulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20945968). May also play a role in regulating the release of other neurotransmitters (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20945968). May play a role in vasoconstriction (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20945968)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR1D
- Uniprot ID
- P28221
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D
- Molecular Weight
- 41906.38 Da
References
- Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ: A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder. Exp Neurol. 2007 Oct;207(2):248-57. Epub 2007 Jun 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- Curator comments
- Data regarding this target action are limited in the literature.
- General Function
- Receptor for endogenous opioids such as beta-endorphin and endomorphin (PubMed:10529478, PubMed:12589820, PubMed:7891175, PubMed:7905839, PubMed:7957926, PubMed:9689128). Receptor for natural and synthetic opioids including morphine, heroin, DAMGO, fentanyl, etorphine, buprenorphin and methadone (PubMed:10529478, PubMed:10836142, PubMed:12589820, PubMed:19300905, PubMed:7891175, PubMed:7905839, PubMed:7957926, PubMed:9689128). Also activated by enkephalin peptides, such as Met-enkephalin or Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, with higher affinity for Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (By similarity). Agonist binding to the receptor induces coupling to an inactive GDP-bound heterotrimeric G-protein complex and subsequent exchange of GDP for GTP in the G-protein alpha subunit leading to dissociation of the G-protein complex with the free GTP-bound G-protein alpha and the G-protein beta-gamma dimer activating downstream cellular effectors (PubMed:7905839). The agonist- and cell type-specific activity is predominantly coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) and G(o) G alpha proteins, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3 and GNAO1 isoforms Alpha-1 and Alpha-2, and to a lesser extent to pertussis toxin-insensitive G alpha proteins GNAZ and GNA15 (PubMed:12068084). They mediate an array of downstream cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and both N-type and L-type calcium channels, activation of inward rectifying potassium channels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide/protein kinase (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and regulation of NF-kappa-B (By similarity). Also couples to adenylate cyclase stimulatory G alpha proteins (By similarity). The selective temporal coupling to G-proteins and subsequent signaling can be regulated by RGSZ proteins, such as RGS9, RGS17 and RGS4 (By similarity). Phosphorylation by members of the GPRK subfamily of Ser/Thr protein kinases and association with beta-arrestins is involved in short-term receptor desensitization (By similarity). Beta-arrestins associate with the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and uncouple it from the G-protein thus terminating signal transduction (By similarity). The phosphorylated receptor is internalized through endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits which involves beta-arrestins (By similarity). The activation of the ERK pathway occurs either in a G-protein-dependent or a beta-arrestin-dependent manner and is regulated by agonist-specific receptor phosphorylation (By similarity). Acts as a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which dissociates from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergoes rapid recycling (By similarity). Receptor down-regulation pathways are varying with the agonist and occur dependent or independent of G-protein coupling (By similarity). Endogenous ligands induce rapid desensitization, endocytosis and recycling (By similarity). Heterooligomerization with other GPCRs can modulate agonist binding, signaling and trafficking properties (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- beta-endorphin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- OPRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P35372
- Uniprot Name
- Mu-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44778.855 Da
References
- Hamon M, Gozlan H, Bourgoin S, Benoliel JJ, Mauborgne A, Taquet H, Cesselin F, Mico JA: Opioid receptors and neuropeptides in the CNS in rats treated chronically with amoxapine or amitriptyline. Neuropharmacology. 1987 Jun;26(6):531-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- Curator comments
- Data are based on in vitro studies. There is limited information about this target action in the literature.
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1315531, PubMed:1328844, PubMed:1348246, PubMed:1351684, PubMed:1559993, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1610347, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951, PubMed:8218242). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1315531, PubMed:1328844, PubMed:1348246, PubMed:1351684, PubMed:1559993, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1610347, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951, PubMed:8218242). HTR1B is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:29925951, PubMed:35610220). Arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:29925951). Regulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, nociceptive processing, pain perception, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20945968). Besides, plays a role in vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries (PubMed:15853772)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR1B
- Uniprot ID
- P28222
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
- Molecular Weight
- 43567.535 Da
References
- Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ: A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder. Exp Neurol. 2007 Oct;207(2):248-57. Epub 2007 Jun 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- Curator comments
- Data based on in vitro studies. The information regarding this target in the literature is limited.
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a mitogen (PubMed:35714614, PubMed:36989299, PubMed:37327704, PubMed:8522988). Also has a high affinity for tricyclic psychotropic drugs (By similarity). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:35714614). HTR6 is coupled to G(s) G alpha proteins and mediates activation of adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:35714614, PubMed:37327704). Controls pyramidal neurons migration during corticogenesis, through the regulation of CDK5 activity (By similarity). Is an activator of mTOR signaling (PubMed:23027611)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR6
- Uniprot ID
- P50406
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6
- Molecular Weight
- 46953.625 Da
References
- Sebben M, Ansanay H, Bockaert J, Dumuis A: 5-HT6 receptors positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase in striatal neurones in culture. Neuroreport. 1994 Dec 20;5(18):2553-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Pore-forming subunit of the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) M-channel which is responsible for the M-current, a key controller of neuronal excitability (PubMed:16319223, PubMed:27564677, PubMed:28793216, PubMed:9872318). M-channel is composed of pore-forming subunits KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 assembled as heterotetramers (PubMed:14534157, PubMed:16319223, PubMed:27564677, PubMed:9872318). The native M-current has a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons as well as the responsiveness to synaptic inputs (PubMed:14534157, PubMed:16319223, PubMed:28793216). M-channel is selectively permeable in vitro to other cations besides potassium, in decreasing order of affinity K(+) > Rb(+) > Cs(+) > Na(+) (PubMed:28793216). M-channel association with SLC5A3/SMIT1 alters channel ion selectivity, increasing Na(+) and Cs(+) permeation relative to K(+) (PubMed:28793216). Suppressed by activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (PubMed:10713961). KCNQ3 also associates with KCNQ5 to form a functional channel in vitro and may also contribute to the M-current in brain (PubMed:11159685)
- Specific Function
- calmodulin binding
- Gene Name
- KCNQ3
- Uniprot ID
- O43525
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 96741.515 Da
References
- Punke MA, Friederich P: Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth Analg. 2007 May;104(5):1256-64, tables of contents. [Article]
- Syeda R, Santos JS, Montal M: The Sensorless Pore Module of Voltage-gated K+ Channel Family 7 Embodies the Target Site for the Anticonvulsant Retigabine. J Biol Chem. 2016 Feb 5;291(6):2931-7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.683185. Epub 2015 Dec 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Rat
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that modulates the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and down-stream signaling cascades and promotes the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Regulates neuronal activity via the activation of short transient receptor potential calcium channels in the brain, and thereby modulates the activation of pro-opiomelacortin neurons and the release of CRH that then regulates the release of corticosterone. Plays a role in the regulation of appetite and feeding behavior, responses to anxiogenic stimuli and stress. Plays a role in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
- Specific Function
- 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding
- Gene Name
- Htr2c
- Uniprot ID
- P08909
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
- Molecular Weight
- 51916.005 Da
References
- Pithadia AB, Jain SM: 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Subtypes and their Modulators with Therapeutic Potentials. J Clin Med Res. 2009 Jun;1(2):72-80. doi: 10.4021/jocmr2009.05.1237. Epub 2009 Jun 21. [Article]
- Jenck F, Moreau JL, Mutel V, Martin JR, Haefely WE: Evidence for a role of 5-HT1C receptors in the antiserotonergic properties of some antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Feb 9;231(2):223-9. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90453-o. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Components:
References
- Goldman P, Scranton T, Messer WS Jr: Interaction of amitriptyline with muscarinic receptor subtypes in the rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1989;14(4):447-54. [Article]
- Dilsaver SC, Snider RM, Alessi NE: Amitriptyline supersensitizes a central cholinergic mechanism. Biol Psychiatry. 1987 Apr;22(4):495-507. [Article]
- Snyder SH, Yamamura HI: Antidepressants and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977 Feb;34(2):236-9. [Article]
- Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Blocker
- General Function
- Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel (PubMed:10219239, PubMed:10753933, PubMed:10790218, PubMed:10837251, PubMed:11997281, PubMed:12063277, PubMed:18559421, PubMed:22314138, PubMed:22359612, PubMed:26363003, PubMed:27916661, PubMed:9230439, PubMed:9351446, PubMed:9765245). Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly (PubMed:10837251). Characterized by unusual gating kinetics by producing relatively small outward currents during membrane depolarization and large inward currents during subsequent repolarization which reflect a rapid inactivation during depolarization and quick recovery from inactivation but slow deactivation (closing) during repolarization (PubMed:10219239, PubMed:10753933, PubMed:10790218, PubMed:10837251, PubMed:11997281, PubMed:12063277, PubMed:18559421, PubMed:22314138, PubMed:22359612, PubMed:26363003, PubMed:27916661, PubMed:9230439, PubMed:9351446, PubMed:9765245). Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly (PubMed:10837251). Forms a stable complex with KCNE1 or KCNE2, and that this heteromultimerization regulates inward rectifier potassium channel activity (PubMed:10219239, PubMed:9230439)
- Specific Function
- delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
Components:
References
- Jo SH, Youm JB, Lee CO, Earm YE, Ho WK: Blockade of the HERG human cardiac K(+) channel by the antidepressant drug amitriptyline. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;129(7):1474-80. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703222. [Article]
- Teschemacher AG, Seward EP, Hancox JC, Witchel HJ: Inhibition of the current of heterologously expressed HERG potassium channels by imipramine and amitriptyline. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;128(2):479-85. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Baumann P: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996 Dec;31(6):444-69. [Article]
- Wen B, Ma L, Zhu M: Bioactivation of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline to arene oxide intermediates in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450s. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 May 9;173(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.001. Epub 2008 Feb 14. [Article]
- Ghahramani P, Ellis SW, Lennard MS, Ramsay LE, Tucker GT: Cytochromes P450 mediating the N-demethylation of amitriptyline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Feb;43(2):137-44. [Article]
- Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37. [Article]
- Yue QY, Sawe J: Different effects of inhibitors on the O- and N-demethylation of codeine in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;52(1):41-7. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Amitriptyline FDA Label [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Wen B, Ma L, Zhu M: Bioactivation of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline to arene oxide intermediates in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450s. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 May 9;173(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.001. Epub 2008 Feb 14. [Article]
- Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37. [Article]
- Arici M, Ozhan G: The genetic profiles of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 enzymes as susceptibility factor in xenobiotic toxicity in Turkish population. Saudi Pharm J. 2017 Feb;25(2):294-297. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.06.001. Epub 2016 Jun 16. [Article]
- Zhou SF, Yang LP, Zhou ZW, Liu YH, Chan E: Insights into the substrate specificity, inhibitors, regulation, and polymorphisms and the clinical impact of human cytochrome P450 1A2. AAPS J. 2009 Sep;11(3):481-94. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9127-y. Epub 2009 Jul 10. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- Shin JG, Park JY, Kim MJ, Shon JH, Yoon YR, Cha IJ, Lee SS, Oh SW, Kim SW, Flockhart DA: Inhibitory effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) on human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro: mechanism of drug interaction between TCAs and phenytoin. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Oct;30(10):1102-7. [Article]
- Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37. [Article]
- Ryu S, Park S, Lee JH, Kim YR, Na HS, Lim HS, Choi HY, Hwang IY, Lee JG, Park ZW, Oh WY, Kim JM, Choi SE: A Study on CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 Polymorphic Effects on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Amitriptyline in Healthy Koreans. Clin Transl Sci. 2017 Mar;10(2):93-101. doi: 10.1111/cts.12451. Epub 2017 Mar 14. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Ghahramani P, Ellis SW, Lennard MS, Ramsay LE, Tucker GT: Cytochromes P450 mediating the N-demethylation of amitriptyline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Feb;43(2):137-44. [Article]
- Attia TZ, Yamashita T, Hammad MA, Hayasaki A, Sato T, Miyamoto M, Yasuhara Y, Nakamura T, Kagawa Y, Tsujino H, Omar MA, Abdelmageed OH, Derayea SM, Uno T: Effect of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 2C9 amino acid residues 72 and 241 on metabolism of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2014;62(2):176-81. [Article]
- Olesen OV, Linnet K: Metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pharmacology. 1997 Nov;55(5):235-43. doi: 10.1159/000139533. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Wen B, Ma L, Zhu M: Bioactivation of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline to arene oxide intermediates in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450s. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 May 9;173(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.001. Epub 2008 Feb 14. [Article]
- Ghahramani P, Ellis SW, Lennard MS, Ramsay LE, Tucker GT: Cytochromes P450 mediating the N-demethylation of amitriptyline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Feb;43(2):137-44. [Article]
- Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- Data based on in vitro studies. There are limited data in the literature regarding this enzyme action.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Wen B, Ma L, Zhu M: Bioactivation of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline to arene oxide intermediates in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450s. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 May 9;173(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.001. Epub 2008 Feb 14. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:21289075). Hydroxylates steroid hormones, including testosterone at C-16 and estrogens at C-2 (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including plant lipids and drugs (PubMed:11695850, PubMed:22909231). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850)
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37. [Article]
- Ekins S, Iyer M, Krasowski MD, Kharasch ED: Molecular characterization of CYP2B6 substrates. Curr Drug Metab. 2008 Jun;9(5):363-73. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37. [Article]
- Martinez C, Garcia-Martin E, Blanco G, Gamito FJ, Ladero JM, Agundez JA: The effect of the cytochrome P450 CYP2C8 polymorphism on the disposition of (R)-ibuprofen enantiomer in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;59(1):62-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02183.x. [Article]
- Naraharisetti SB, Lin YS, Rieder MJ, Marciante KD, Psaty BM, Thummel KE, Totah RA: Human liver expression of CYP2C8: gender, age, and genotype effects. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Jun;38(6):889-93. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.031542. Epub 2010 Feb 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds
- Specific Function
- UDP-glycosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B10
- Uniprot ID
- P36537
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10
- Molecular Weight
- 60773.485 Da
References
- Kato Y, Izukawa T, Oda S, Fukami T, Finel M, Yokoi T, Nakajima M: Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B10 in drug N-glucuronidation: substrate screening and comparison with UGT1A3 and UGT1A4. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Jul;41(7):1389-97. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.051565. Epub 2013 Apr 23. [Article]
- Zhou D, Guo J, Linnenbach AJ, Booth-Genthe CL, Grimm SW: Role of human UGT2B10 in N-glucuronidation of tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, and trimipramine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 May;38(5):863-70. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.030981. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [Article]
- Pattanawongsa A, Nair PC, Rowland A, Miners JO: Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B10: Validation of Cotinine as a Selective Probe Substrate, Inhibition by UGT Enzyme-Selective Inhibitors and Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs, and Structural Determinants of Enzyme Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Mar;44(3):378-88. doi: 10.1124/dmd.115.068213. Epub 2015 Dec 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:18177842, PubMed:24641623). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:18177842). Involved in the glucuronidation of calcidiol, which is the major circulating form of vitamin D3 essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:24641623). Also glucuronidates the biologically active form of vitamin D3, calcitriol, probably leading to its biliary transport and intestinal reabsorption (PubMed:18177842)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A4
- Uniprot ID
- P22310
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4
- Molecular Weight
- 60024.535 Da
References
- Kato Y, Izukawa T, Oda S, Fukami T, Finel M, Yokoi T, Nakajima M: Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B10 in drug N-glucuronidation: substrate screening and comparison with UGT1A3 and UGT1A4. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Jul;41(7):1389-97. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.051565. Epub 2013 Apr 23. [Article]
- Zhou D, Guo J, Linnenbach AJ, Booth-Genthe CL, Grimm SW: Role of human UGT2B10 in N-glucuronidation of tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, and trimipramine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 May;38(5):863-70. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.030981. Epub 2010 Feb 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Glutathione S-transferase that catalyzes the nucleophilic attack of the sulfur atom of glutathione on the electrophilic groups of a wide range of exogenous and endogenous compounds (Probable). Involved in the formation of glutathione conjugates of both prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) (PubMed:9084911). It also catalyzes the isomerization of D5-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) into D4-androstene-3,17-dione and may therefore play an important role in hormone biosynthesis (PubMed:11152686). Through its glutathione-dependent peroxidase activity toward the fatty acid hydroperoxide (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate/13-HPODE it is also involved in the metabolism of oxidized linoleic acid (PubMed:16624487)
- Specific Function
- fatty acid binding
Components:
References
- Dalmizrak O, Kulaksiz-Erkmen G, Ozer N: The inhibition characteristics of human placental glutathione S-transferase-pi by tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline and clomipramine. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Sep;355(1-2):223-31. doi: 10.1007/s11010-011-0858-6. Epub 2011 May 13. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Brinkschulte M, Breyer-Pfaff U: The contribution of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, lipoproteins, and albumin to the plasma binding of perazine, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline in healthy man. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1980 Oct;314(1):61-6. doi: 10.1007/bf00498432. [Article]
- Banerjee T, Singh SK, Kishore N: Binding of naproxen and amitriptyline to bovine serum albumin: biophysical aspects. J Phys Chem B. 2006 Nov 30;110(47):24147-56. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ORM1
- Uniprot ID
- P02763
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 23539.43 Da
References
- Brinkschulte M, Breyer-Pfaff U: The contribution of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, lipoproteins, and albumin to the plasma binding of perazine, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline in healthy man. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1980 Oct;314(1):61-6. doi: 10.1007/bf00498432. [Article]
- Ferry DG, Caplan NB, Cubeddu LX: Interaction between antidepressants and alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonists on the binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci. 1986 Feb;75(2):146-9. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600750208. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- Curator comments
- There are conflicting data in the literature regarding amitriptyline as a substrate for p-glycoprotein.
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Grauer MT, Uhr M: P-glycoprotein reduces the ability of amitriptyline metabolites to cross the blood brain barrier in mice after a 10-day administration of amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol. 2004 Mar;18(1):66-74. doi: 10.1177/0269881104042831. [Article]
- O'Brien FE, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Griffin BT: Human P-glycoprotein differentially affects antidepressant drug transport: relevance to blood-brain barrier permeability. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;16(10):2259-72. doi: 10.1017/S1461145713000692. Epub 2013 Aug 9. [Article]
- Abaut AY, Chevanne F, Le Corre P: Oral bioavailability and intestinal secretion of amitriptyline: Role of P-glycoprotein? Int J Pharm. 2007 Feb 7;330(1-2):121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.026. Epub 2006 Sep 23. [Article]
- Uhr M, Steckler T, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F: Penetration of amitriptyline, but not of fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 Apr;22(4):380-7. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00095-0. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 29, 2024 18:00